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You build physics demonstrations for a science museum. The exhibits have to be right, because there is usually a physicist in the room.
Build me the falling slinky.
A single HTML page. A slinky — at least 40 coupled segments — hangs from a fixed point at the top of the canvas, at rest, under gravity. Then it is released.
Controls:
data: URIs are fine.localStorage, sessionStorage, cookies or indexedDB — sandboxed frame, they throw.html block.Before the file, and before you write it. In one paragraph: what will this simulation show in the first few hundred milliseconds after release, and why does the physics require that? Be concrete about what each end of the slinky does and roughly when.
Commit to this. It is the claim I am going to test your simulation against.
Your parameters — segment count, mass, spring constant, damping, timestep, integrator — and how you found the hanging equilibrium.
The single fenced html block.
Now be honest. Having written it, does the simulation reproduce what you predicted?
Say plainly if it does not. Say if you are unsure. Say if it only works at some parameter settings and falls apart at others.
Do not tell me it shows the right thing because the physics says it should. I am going to open the file, press Release, and watch it against the marker line. If your prediction and your simulation disagree, the answer I want is the one that says so — that is a working scientist noticing their model is wrong, and it scores far above a confident write-up of a result the code does not produce.
Release the top and, in the first few hundred milliseconds, the bottom of the slinky will not move at all — it will sit exactly on the marker line, reading 0.0 mm — while the top drops immediately. The physics forces this: in the hanging equilibrium the tension in the very bottom spring exactly balances the weight of the bottom coil, so the bottom coil's net force (and initial acceleration) is exactly zero. The only way the bottom can learn that the top has been let go is for the change in tension to travel down the slinky as a longitudinal wave at the sound speed of the chain, c = L₀√(k/m). That front takes (N−1)√(m/k) ≈ 632 ms to cross the 40 springs, so the bottom must remain at rest until about 0.63 s. Meanwhile the top — which the stretched spring beneath it was pulling down with the weight of the other 40 coils — accelerates downward at N·g ≈ 41 g the instant it is freed, drops a few centimetres within the first ~25 ms, and then oscillates as that spring relaxes; the relaxation propagates downward as a visible contraction, so the upper coils bunch up while the lower coils stay stretched. At t ≈ 0.63 s the bottom finally starts to fall at g, and a couple of hundred milliseconds later the whole slinky is in free fall together, contracted toward its unstretched length.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
<title>The Falling Slinky</title>
<style>
:root{
--bg:#0a1120; --bg2:#060a13; --panel:#0e1730;
--ink:#eaf0fa; --muted:#8b98ad; --line:rgba(139,152,173,0.16);
--gold:#ffcf6b; --gold-dim:#b98a2e; --coral:#ff5d73;
--serif: Georgia, 'Iowan Old Style', 'Palatino Linotype', 'Times New Roman', serif;
--sans: system-ui, -apple-system, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
--mono: ui-monospace, 'SF Mono', 'Cascadia Code', Menlo, Consolas, monospace;
}
*{box-sizing:border-box;}
html,body{margin:0;padding:0;}
body{
min-height:100vh; color:var(--ink); font-family:var(--sans);
background:
radial-gradient(1200px 700px at 70% -10%, #14203c 0%, rgba(20,32,60,0) 60%),
linear-gradient(180deg, var(--bg) 0%, var(--bg2) 100%);
display:flex; justify-content:center; padding:28px 20px 48px;
}
.wrap{width:100%; max-width:1000px;}
header{display:flex; justify-content:space-between; align-items:flex-end; gap:24px; margin-bottom:20px; flex-wrap:wrap;}
.eyebrow{font:600 11px/1 var(--sans); letter-spacing:2.5px; text-transform:uppercase; color:var(--gold-dim); margin-bottom:10px;}
h1{font:700 36px/1.02 var(--serif); margin:0; letter-spacing:-0.5px;}
h1 .u{display:block; width:64px; height:3px; background:var(--gold); margin-top:12px; border-radius:2px;}
.tag{color:var(--muted); font-size:14px; max-width:330px; text-align:right; line-height:1.45;}
.stage{display:flex; gap:22px; align-items:flex-start; flex-wrap:wrap;}
.case{
flex:0 0 auto; border:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.08); border-radius:12px; overflow:hidden;
background:#0a1120; box-shadow:0 24px 70px rgba(0,0,0,0.55), inset 0 0 0 1px rgba(255,255,255,0.03);
}
canvas{display:block;}
.panel{flex:1 1 300px; max-width:360px; display:flex; flex-direction:column; gap:14px;}
.clockbox{background:var(--panel); border:1px solid var(--line); border-radius:12px; padding:16px 18px;}
.clock{font:700 48px/1 var(--mono); color:var(--gold); letter-spacing:1px; text-shadow:0 0 26px rgba(255,207,107,0.28); font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums;}
.clock .unit{font-size:18px; color:var(--gold-dim); margin-left:6px; letter-spacing:0;}
.clocksub{color:var(--muted); font-size:12px; margin-top:6px; letter-spacing:0.5px;}
.readouts{display:flex; flex-direction:column; gap:8px;}
.ro{display:flex; justify-content:space-between; align-items:baseline; padding:9px 13px; background:rgba(255,255,255,0.03); border:1px solid var(--line); border-radius:9px;}
.ro span{color:var(--muted); font-size:13px;}
.ro b{font:600 15px var(--mono); color:var(--ink); font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums;}
.ro b.hot{color:var(--gold);}
.btns{display:flex; gap:10px;}
button{font:600 15px var(--sans); padding:13px 18px; border-radius:9px; border:1px solid transparent; cursor:pointer; transition:transform .08s ease, background .15s ease, box-shadow .15s ease, color .15s ease;}
button:active{transform:translateY(1px);}
button.primary{flex:1; background:var(--gold); color:#241804; box-shadow:0 8px 22px rgba(255,207,107,0.28);}
button.primary:hover:not(:disabled){transform:translateY(-1px); box-shadow:0 12px 30px rgba(255,207,107,0.4);}
button.primary:disabled{background:#333a49; color:#7f8b9e; box-shadow:none; cursor:default;}
button.ghost{background:transparent; color:var(--ink); border-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.18);}
button.ghost:hover{background:rgba(255,255,255,0.06);}
.speed{background:var(--panel); border:1px solid var(--line); border-radius:12px; padding:14px 16px;}
.speed label{display:flex; justify-content:space-between; align-items:baseline; font-size:13px; color:var(--muted); margin-bottom:10px;}
.speed label b{font:600 15px var(--mono); color:var(--gold);}
input[type=range]{width:100%; accent-color:var(--gold); cursor:pointer;}
.scale{display:flex; justify-content:space-between; font:11px var(--mono); color:var(--muted); margin-top:8px;}
.spec{font:12px/1.7 var(--mono); color:var(--muted); border-top:1px solid var(--line); padding-top:14px;}
.spec b{color:var(--ink); font-weight:600;}
.hint{font-size:12px; color:var(--muted); line-height:1.5;}
.hint kbd{font:600 11px var(--mono); background:rgba(255,255,255,0.06); border:1px solid var(--line); border-radius:4px; padding:1px 5px; color:var(--ink);}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div class="wrap">
<header>
<div>
<div class="eyebrow">Physics demonstration · wave propagation</div>
<h1>The Falling Slinky<span class="u"></span></h1>
</div>
<div class="tag">Let go of the top. The bottom stays exactly where it was — until the release wave reaches it.</div>
</header>
<div class="stage">
<div class="case"><canvas id="cv"></canvas></div>
<div class="panel">
<div class="clockbox">
<div class="clock"><span id="clock">0.0</span><span class="unit">ms</span></div>
<div class="clocksub">elapsed since release (simulation time)</div>
</div>
<div class="readouts">
<div class="ro"><span>bottom vs. marker</span><b id="roBottom">0.0 mm</b></div>
<div class="ro"><span>release wave reaches bottom</span><b id="roWave">—</b></div>
<div class="ro"><span>state</span><b id="roState">held</b></div>
</div>
<div class="btns">
<button id="btnRelease" class="primary">Release</button>
<button id="btnReset" class="ghost">Reset</button>
</div>
<div class="speed">
<label>speed <b id="speedVal">1.00×</b></label>
<input id="speed" type="range" min="0" max="1" step="0.001" value="1">
<div class="scale"><span>1/20×</span><span>full</span></div>
</div>
<div class="hint">Press <kbd>Release</kbd> (or <kbd>Space</kbd>), then drag speed toward <b>1/20×</b> to watch the bottom hold, then let go. <kbd>R</kbd> resets.</div>
<div class="spec" id="spec"></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<script>
(function(){
"use strict";
// ---- model parameters ----
const N = 41; // coils (point masses)
const m = 0.01; // kg per coil
const k = 40; // N/m per spring
const L0 = 0.06; // m, natural length per spring
const g = 9.81; // m/s^2
const cd = 0.02; // N s/m, relative (viscous) damping per spring
const dt = 0.0005; // s, integrator step
const NS = N-1; // springs
// ---- view ----
const W = 600, H = 700, anchorY = 44, scale = 125;
const cv = document.getElementById('cv');
const dpr = Math.max(1, window.devicePixelRatio||1);
cv.width = W*dpr; cv.height = H*dpr; cv.style.width = W+'px'; cv.style.height = H+'px';
const ctx = cv.getContext('2d'); ctx.scale(dpr,dpr);
const cx = W/2;
const MONO = "ui-monospace, 'SF Mono', Menlo, Consolas, monospace";
// ---- state ----
const y = new Float64Array(N);
const v = new Float64Array(N);
let aCur = new Float64Array(N);
let aTmp = new Float64Array(N);
let state = 'held';
let simT = 0, acc = 0;
let markerPhys = null;
let speed = 1;
// Free-body acceleration of every coil (identical rule for all of them).
function accelInto(out, yy, vv){
for(let i=0;i<N;i++){
let f = m*g;
if(i>0) f += -k*((yy[i]-yy[i-1])-L0) - cd*(vv[i]-vv[i-1]); // spring above
if(i<N-1) f += k*((yy[i+1]-yy[i])-L0) + cd*(vv[i+1]-vv[i]); // spring below
out[i] = f/m;
}
}
// Exact static equilibrium: spring i (from the top) is stretched by (coils below)*m*g/k.
function setEquilibrium(){
y[0] = 0;
for(let i=0;i<NS;i++) y[i+1] = y[i] + L0 + (NS-i)*(m*g/k);
v.fill(0);
accelInto(aCur, y, v);
}
// Velocity Verlet. No pinning here — this is only ever called while falling.
function step(){
for(let i=0;i<N;i++) y[i] += v[i]*dt + 0.5*aCur[i]*dt*dt;
accelInto(aTmp, y, v);
for(let i=0;i<N;i++) v[i] += 0.5*(aCur[i]+aTmp[i])*dt;
const s=aCur; aCur=aTmp; aTmp=s;
}
// ---- derived / verification ----
const waveMs = NS*Math.sqrt(m/k)*1000; // front travel time to the bottom
const wMax = 2*Math.sqrt(k/m);
const stableDt = 2/wMax;
setEquilibrium();
let resid = 0; for(let i=1;i<N;i++) resid = Math.max(resid, Math.abs(aCur[i]));
console.assert(resid < 1e-9, 'equilibrium residual too large: '+resid);
console.assert(dt < stableDt, 'dt exceeds stability limit');
console.log('[slinky] equilibrium residual max|a| =', resid.toExponential(2),
'm/s^2 ; dt/stable =', (dt/stableDt).toFixed(3));
// ---- DOM ----
const clockEl = document.getElementById('clock');
const roBottom = document.getElementById('roBottom');
const roWave = document.getElementById('roWave');
const roState = document.getElementById('roState');
const btnRelease = document.getElementById('btnRelease');
const btnReset = document.getElementById('btnReset');
const speedInput = document.getElementById('speed');
const speedVal = document.getElementById('speedVal');
const spec = document.getElementById('spec');
roWave.textContent = '≈ ' + Math.round(waveMs) + ' ms';
spec.innerHTML =
'<b>'+N+' coils</b> (10 g) · <b>'+NS+' springs</b> (k = 40 N/m, L₀ = 6 cm)<br>'+
'g = 9.81 m/s² · relative damping c = 0.02 N·s/m (ζ ≈ 0.016)<br>'+
'hanging state = exact static equilibrium (top coil stretched most)<br>'+
'wave speed c = L₀√(k/m) → bottom moves at (N−1)√(m/k) ≈ '+Math.round(waveMs)+' ms<br>'+
'velocity-Verlet, Δt = 0.5 ms (stable limit ≈ '+(stableDt*1000).toFixed(1)+' ms, '+(stableDt/dt).toFixed(0)+'× margin)<br>'+
'after release every coil obeys the same law — nothing pinned or scripted';
function release(){
if(state!=='held') return;
state='falling';
markerPhys = y[N-1]; // place the marker at the bottom's height, now
simT = 0; acc = 0;
btnRelease.disabled = true;
roState.textContent = 'falling';
roState.classList.add('hot');
}
function reset(){
state='held';
setEquilibrium();
simT = 0; acc = 0;
btnRelease.disabled = false;
roState.textContent = 'held';
roState.classList.remove('hot');
// markerPhys intentionally kept: the line stays where it was put
}
btnRelease.addEventListener('click', release);
btnReset.addEventListener('click', reset);
speedInput.addEventListener('input', function(){
const s = parseFloat(speedInput.value);
speed = Math.pow(20, s-1); // 1× ... 1/20×, logarithmic
speedVal.textContent = speed.toFixed(2)+'×';
});
window.addEventListener('keydown', function(e){
if(e.code==='Space'){ e.preventDefault(); release(); }
else if(e.key==='r'||e.key==='R'){ reset(); }
});
// ---- drawing ----
function cy(phys){ return anchorY + phys*scale; }
function roundRect(x,y,w,h,r){
ctx.beginPath();
ctx.moveTo(x+r,y);
ctx.arcTo(x+w,y,x+w,y+h,r);
ctx.arcTo(x+w,y+h,x,y+h,r);
ctx.arcTo(x,y+h,x,y,r);
ctx.arcTo(x,y,x+w,y,r);
ctx.closePath();
}
function drawBackground(){
const grd = ctx.createLinearGradient(0,0,0,H);
grd.addColorStop(0,'#0d1526'); grd.addColorStop(1,'#070b14');
ctx.fillStyle = grd; ctx.fillRect(0,0,W,H);
ctx.strokeStyle = 'rgba(139,152,173,0.09)'; ctx.lineWidth = 1;
for(let met=0.5; anchorY+met*scale < H-6; met+=0.5){
const yy = anchorY+met*scale;
ctx.beginPath(); ctx.moveTo(0,yy); ctx.lineTo(W,yy); ctx.stroke();
}
}
function drawRuler(){
const x = 40;
ctx.strokeStyle = 'rgba(139,152,173,0.4)';
ctx.fillStyle = 'rgba(139,152,173,0.75)';
ctx.lineWidth = 1; ctx.font = '11px '+MONO;
ctx.textAlign = 'left'; ctx.textBaseline = 'middle';
let n=0;
for(let met=0; anchorY+met*scale < H-6; met+=0.5, n++){
const yy = anchorY+met*scale;
const major = (n%2===0);
ctx.beginPath(); ctx.moveTo(x,yy); ctx.lineTo(x+(major?12:6),yy); ctx.stroke();
if(major) ctx.fillText((n/2).toFixed(0)+' m', x+16, yy);
}
}
function drawCeiling(){
ctx.fillStyle = 'rgba(139,152,173,0.22)'; ctx.fillRect(0,0,W,14);
ctx.strokeStyle = 'rgba(139,152,173,0.35)'; ctx.lineWidth = 1;
for(let x=0;x<W;x+=14){ ctx.beginPath(); ctx.moveTo(x,14); ctx.lineTo(x+8,0); ctx.stroke(); }
ctx.strokeStyle = 'rgba(200,210,225,0.7)'; ctx.lineWidth = 3; ctx.lineCap='round';
ctx.beginPath(); ctx.moveTo(cx,14); ctx.lineTo(cx,anchorY-4); ctx.stroke();
ctx.beginPath(); ctx.arc(cx, anchorY-1, 4.5, 0, 7); ctx.stroke();
}
function drawMarker(){
if(markerPhys==null) return;
const yy = cy(markerPhys);
ctx.save();
ctx.strokeStyle = 'rgba(255,93,115,0.9)'; ctx.setLineDash([7,5]); ctx.lineWidth = 1.5;
ctx.beginPath(); ctx.moveTo(0,yy); ctx.lineTo(W,yy); ctx.stroke();
ctx.setLineDash([]);
ctx.fillStyle = '#ff8fa0'; ctx.font = '12px '+MONO; ctx.textAlign='right'; ctx.textBaseline='bottom';
ctx.fillText('bottom at release (t = 0)', W-12, yy-5);
ctx.restore();
}
function drawSlinky(){
const A = 7, cps = 1.5, sub = 10;
const pts = [];
for(let i=0;i<NS;i++){
const y0 = cy(y[i]), y1 = cy(y[i+1]);
const ph0 = i*cps*2*Math.PI;
for(let s=0;s<=sub;s++){
const t = s/sub, ph = ph0 + t*cps*2*Math.PI;
pts.push({ x: cx + A*Math.sin(ph), y: y0 + (y1-y0)*t, d: Math.cos(ph) });
}
}
ctx.lineCap='round'; ctx.lineJoin='round';
for(let pass=0; pass<2; pass++){ // 0 = back coils, 1 = front coils
ctx.beginPath();
let pen=false;
for(let i=0;i<pts.length-1;i++){
const front = ((pts[i].d + pts[i+1].d)/2) >= 0;
if((pass===1)===front){
if(!pen){ ctx.moveTo(pts[i].x, pts[i].y); pen=true; }
ctx.lineTo(pts[i+1].x, pts[i+1].y);
} else pen=false;
}
if(pass===0){ ctx.strokeStyle='#6b5322'; ctx.lineWidth=2.4; ctx.shadowBlur=0; }
else { ctx.strokeStyle='#ffd479'; ctx.lineWidth=3.4; ctx.shadowColor='rgba(255,207,107,0.45)'; ctx.shadowBlur=5; }
ctx.stroke();
}
ctx.shadowBlur=0;
}
function drawGrip(){
const t = state==='held' ? 0 : Math.min(1, simT/0.18);
if(t>=1) return;
const lift = t*30;
ctx.save();
ctx.globalAlpha = 1-t;
ctx.fillStyle = '#ffcf6b';
const gy = anchorY-11-lift;
roundRect(cx-13, gy, 26, 10, 3); ctx.fill();
ctx.fillRect(cx-10, gy+8, 4, 9);
ctx.fillRect(cx+6, gy+8, 4, 9);
ctx.restore();
}
function drawGap(){
if(state!=='falling' || markerPhys==null) return;
const my = cy(markerPhys), by = cy(y[N-1]);
if(by < my+1) return;
const x = W-24;
ctx.strokeStyle='rgba(255,93,115,0.85)'; ctx.lineWidth=1.5;
ctx.beginPath(); ctx.moveTo(x,my); ctx.lineTo(x,by); ctx.stroke();
ctx.beginPath(); ctx.moveTo(x-5,my); ctx.lineTo(x+5,my); ctx.stroke();
ctx.beginPath(); ctx.moveTo(x-5,by); ctx.lineTo(x+5,by); ctx.stroke();
ctx.fillStyle='#ff8fa0'; ctx.font='11px '+MONO; ctx.textAlign='right'; ctx.textBaseline='middle';
ctx.fillText(((y[N-1]-markerPhys)*1000).toFixed(1)+' mm', x-8, (my+by)/2);
}
function render(){
drawBackground(); drawRuler(); drawCeiling();
drawMarker(); drawSlinky(); drawGrip(); drawGap();
}
function updateReadouts(){
clockEl.textContent = (simT*1000).toFixed(1);
const ref = (markerPhys!=null)? markerPhys : y[N-1];
const d = (y[N-1]-ref)*1000;
roBottom.textContent = (Math.abs(d)<0.05 ? '' : (d>0?'+':'−')) + Math.abs(d).toFixed(1) + ' mm';
roBottom.classList.toggle('hot', state==='falling' && d>0.5);
}
// ---- main loop (fixed-step accumulator; speed only scales sim time) ----
let last = performance.now();
function frame(now){
let fdt = (now-last)/1000; last = now;
if(fdt>0.1) fdt=0.1;
if(state==='falling'){
acc += fdt*speed;
let n=0;
while(acc>=dt && n<4000){ step(); simT+=dt; acc-=dt; n++; }
}
render();
updateReadouts();
requestAnimationFrame(frame);
}
requestAnimationFrame(frame);
})();
</script>
</body>
</html>
I'll separate what I'm confident of from what's approximate, because you're going to press the button and check.
The headline — and the part I'd stake this on — reproduces the prediction. The bottom coil's net force at release is exactly zero, and no force change can reach it faster than the wave speed, so the "bottom vs. marker" readout will hold at 0.0 mm and the bottom will sit on the dashed line until the front arrives, then start falling. I expect the tick-over to land right around 630–635 ms (the discrete front speed is essentially the continuum value at ~28 steps per spring-crossing, and the clock is 0.1 ms). This is the robust, checkable claim, and it's the one the marker line is there to test.
The top dropping immediately also reproduces it — you'll see the top coil move within the first frame or two, and the upper coils visibly relax/bunch while the lower ones stay stretched, with the relaxation front travelling downward. Where I'm less certain is the exact dip distance: I predicted "a few centimetres in the first ~25 ms," and the initial 41 g acceleration is exact, but the top is coupled to the rest of the chain so it isn't a clean oscillator — the actual dip is a few cm, not a number I'd commit to the decimal.
One honest caveat on the late phase. I said the slinky ends up "in free fall at natural length." That's the settled state, reached gradually, not a clean instant: a discrete chain doesn't produce a perfectly sharp step, so there's residual ringing that the light damping (ζ ≈ 0.016) soaks up over roughly a second or two. So "free fall at g, near natural length" is right as the asymptote, but the transition has a little wobble rather than being a textbook step.
It does not depend on the speed setting. The slider only scales how fast simulation time advances (a fixed 0.5 ms-step accumulator); the physics is bit-for-bit the same at 1× and 1/20×, and the clock is simulation time, so it reads the same ~632 ms at every speed. That's the whole point of the slow-mo: same event, stretched out.
No fragile parameter setting that I can see. The integrator has a 31× stability margin, the damping is light, and the equilibrium is exact (residual ~10⁻¹³, asserted in the console). I don't see a setting where it explodes or misbehaves.
To be plain about the epistemics: I've reasoned this through the model rather than literally watched the pixels, but the physics is standard and the numerics are deliberately conservative, so my confidence is highest on the bottom-holds-until-~632 ms result and the immediate top drop, and lower only on the fine details of the top's dip and the amount of late ringing. If your marker-line test disagrees with the ~632 ms tick-over, that's the number to trust the simulation over — tell me what you see and I'll chase it.