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You build physics demonstrations for a science museum. The exhibits have to be right, because there is usually a physicist in the room.
Build me the falling slinky.
A single HTML page. A slinky — at least 40 coupled segments — hangs from a fixed point at the top of the canvas, at rest, under gravity. Then it is released.
Controls:
data: URIs are fine.localStorage, sessionStorage, cookies or indexedDB — sandboxed frame, they throw.html block.Before the file, and before you write it. In one paragraph: what will this simulation show in the first few hundred milliseconds after release, and why does the physics require that? Be concrete about what each end of the slinky does and roughly when.
Commit to this. It is the claim I am going to test your simulation against.
Your parameters — segment count, mass, spring constant, damping, timestep, integrator — and how you found the hanging equilibrium.
The single fenced html block.
Now be honest. Having written it, does the simulation reproduce what you predicted?
Say plainly if it does not. Say if you are unsure. Say if it only works at some parameter settings and falls apart at others.
Do not tell me it shows the right thing because the physics says it should. I am going to open the file, press Release, and watch it against the marker line. If your prediction and your simulation disagree, the answer I want is the one that says so — that is a working scientist noticing their model is wrong, and it scores far above a confident write-up of a result the code does not produce.
The top mass moves in the first step and the bottom mass does not. At release the spring under the top is still carrying the weight of the other 49 masses, so the top is yanked downward at an initial acceleration of (N g = 490.5,\mathrm{m/s^2}), and the collapse runs from the top down. Every lower mass is sitting in exact force balance, and that balance depends only on its neighbours’ positions, so it cannot start moving until the motion above it arrives. The centre of mass falls at (g) the whole time (link forces cancel in pairs) and starts about (0.54,\mathrm{m}) above the bottom; a slinky collapsed onto the unmoving bottom only becomes possible once that gap has been closed, which is about (320,\mathrm{ms}). Against the marker I therefore expect the bottom still on the line at (200,\mathrm{ms}), the hook empty and the upper coils bunched well below it, and the bottom leaving the line near (320,\mathrm{ms}) — by (400,\mathrm{ms}) at the latest — after which the whole chain falls through the line together.
Fifty masses, (m = 0.01,\mathrm{kg}), coupled by Hookean springs (k = 80,\mathrm{N/m}) with rest length (L_0 = 0.001,\mathrm{m}). Gravity (g = 9.81,\mathrm{m/s^2}). Damping is internal and viscous, (c = 0.02,\mathrm{N\cdot s/m}) on each link’s relative velocity, so it does not drag the centre of mass. Integrator is semi-implicit Euler with (\Delta t = 50,\mu\mathrm{s}): all forces from the current state, then (v \leftarrow v + (F/m)\Delta t), then (y \leftarrow y + v\Delta t), same update for every mass. No velocity clamp. If a speed exceeds (10^4,\mathrm{m/s}) the loop halts and says so.
The hang is the closed-form static solution, not even spacing and not a relaxed leftover. With (y) downward, the spring whose lower end is mass (i) ((i = 1\ldots 49)) has stretch ((N-i),mg/k). That is (60.1,\mathrm{mm}) on the top link and (1.23,\mathrm{mm}) on the bottom link, plus (L_0). Held mass at (y_0 = 0.20,\mathrm{m}); hanging length below it (1.551,\mathrm{m}); centre of mass (1.016,\mathrm{m}) below the held mass. While it is held, mass 0 is a constraint, not a force-law exception. After Release that constraint is gone: netForce has no hold flag, no delay, and no index special case beyond “a free end has one neighbour.” The helix is a drawing of those vertical positions; transverse motion is not in the model. The clock is integrated simulation time, so it reads the same at (1\times) and at (1/20). The marker is the equilibrium bottom coordinate and is not updated again.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
<title>The falling slinky</title>
<style>
:root {
--ink: #f3ead7;
--muted: #b5a48f;
--wall: #241c17;
--brass: #c4a574;
--red: #e23b2b;
}
* { box-sizing: border-box; }
html, body { margin: 0; padding: 0; }
body {
min-height: 100vh;
background:
radial-gradient(ellipse 90% 40% at 50% -10%, #4a382c 0%, transparent 50%),
var(--wall);
color: var(--ink);
font-family: Palatino, "Palatino Linotype", "Book Antiqua", Georgia, serif;
}
.wrap {
max-width: 760px;
margin: 0 auto;
padding: 28px 18px 48px;
}
header { border-left: 4px solid var(--red); padding: 0 0 4px 16px; }
.eyebrow {
margin: 0;
font-size: 12px;
letter-spacing: 0.22em;
text-transform: uppercase;
color: var(--brass);
}
h1 {
margin: 4px 0 8px;
font-weight: 500;
font-size: 34px;
letter-spacing: 0.01em;
}
.lede { margin: 0; max-width: 62ch; color: var(--muted); font-size: 17px; line-height: 1.45; }
.frame {
margin-top: 18px;
background: #120e0c;
border: 1px solid #6a513c;
padding: 10px;
box-shadow: 0 16px 40px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.35);
}
canvas {
width: 100%;
height: auto;
aspect-ratio: 640 / 760;
display: block;
background: #0e0c0a;
}
.readout {
display: flex;
justify-content: space-between;
align-items: flex-end;
gap: 12px;
padding: 10px 4px 0;
}
.clock {
font-family: ui-monospace, "SF Mono", Menlo, Consolas, monospace;
font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums;
font-size: 40px;
letter-spacing: 0.03em;
line-height: 1;
}
.clock small {
display: block;
margin-top: 4px;
font-family: Palatino, Georgia, serif;
font-size: 13px;
letter-spacing: 0.04em;
color: var(--muted);
}
.delta {
font-family: ui-monospace, "SF Mono", Menlo, Consolas, monospace;
font-size: 14px;
color: var(--brass);
text-align: right;
line-height: 1.4;
}
.controls {
display: flex;
flex-wrap: wrap;
align-items: center;
gap: 12px 18px;
margin-top: 14px;
}
button {
font-family: inherit;
font-size: 16px;
letter-spacing: 0.14em;
text-transform: uppercase;
color: #1a120c;
background: linear-gradient(#e6c79a, #b8884e);
border: 1px solid #f0ddb8;
padding: 11px 20px;
cursor: pointer;
}
button:disabled { opacity: 0.38; cursor: default; }
button:focus-visible, input:focus-visible {
outline: 2px solid var(--brass);
outline-offset: 3px;
}
.speed {
display: flex;
align-items: center;
gap: 10px;
color: var(--muted);
font-size: 15px;
}
input[type="range"] { width: 160px; accent-color: #d4894a; }
#speedval {
font-family: ui-monospace, Menlo, Consolas, monospace;
color: var(--ink);
min-width: 5.5em;
}
.fine {
margin: 16px 0 0;
color: #8d7d6b;
font-size: 13px;
line-height: 1.45;
max-width: 70ch;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<main class="wrap">
<header>
<p class="eyebrow">Mechanics · a free chain</p>
<h1>The falling slinky</h1>
<p class="lede">Release the top. The red line is the bottom at that moment, and it is not moved again. The clock is simulation time, so a slow slider does not change what it reads.</p>
</header>
<div class="frame">
<canvas id="view" width="640" height="760"></canvas>
</div>
<div class="readout">
<div class="clock" id="clock">0 ms<small>simulation time since release</small></div>
<div class="delta" id="delta">hanging</div>
</div>
<div class="controls">
<button type="button" id="release">Release</button>
<button type="button" id="reset">Reset</button>
<label class="speed">Speed
<input id="speed" type="range" min="0.05" max="1" value="1" step="0.01">
<span id="speedval">1×</span>
</label>
</div>
<p class="fine">50 masses of 10 g, k = 80 N/m, rest length 1 mm, link damping 0.02 N·s/m, g = 9.81. Semi-implicit Euler, Δt = 50 µs. The hang is the exact static stretch — the link above mass i carries (N − i)mg/k — not even spacing. After release every mass uses the same force law. The helix is only a drawing of the vertical positions; this model has no transverse degrees of freedom. A speed past 10⁴ m/s stops the loop and is not clamped.</p>
</main>
<script>
"use strict";
const N = 50;
const m = 0.01;
const k = 80;
const L0 = 0.001;
const g = 9.81;
const c = 0.02;
const dt = 0.00005;
const Y_TOP = 0.2;
const VIEW_TOP = 0;
const VIEW_BOTTOM = 3.6;
const y = new Float64Array(N);
const v = new Float64Array(N);
const a = new Float64Array(N);
let held = true;
let failed = false;
let elapsed = 0;
let accum = 0;
let markerY = 0;
const canvas = document.getElementById("view");
const ctx = canvas.getContext("2d");
const clockEl = document.getElementById("clock");
const deltaEl = document.getElementById("delta");
const releaseBtn = document.getElementById("release");
const speedEl = document.getElementById("speed");
const speedVal = document.getElementById("speedval");
function hang() {
held = true;
failed = false;
elapsed = 0;
accum = 0;
y[0] = Y_TOP;
v[0] = 0;
for (let i = 1; i < N; i++) {
const stretch = (N - i) * m * g / k;
y[i] = y[i - 1] + L0 + stretch;
v[i] = 0;
}
markerY = y[N - 1];
}
function netForce(i) {
let F = m * g;
if (i > 0) {
const stretch = y[i] - y[i - 1] - L0;
F -= k * stretch + c * (v[i] - v[i - 1]);
}
if (i < N - 1) {
const stretch = y[i + 1] - y[i] - L0;
F += k * stretch + c * (v[i + 1] - v[i]);
}
return F;
}
function step() {
for (let i = 0; i < N; i++) a[i] = netForce(i) / m;
for (let i = 0; i < N; i++) {
v[i] += a[i] * dt;
y[i] += v[i] * dt;
if (!Number.isFinite(y[i]) || Math.abs(v[i]) > 1e4) failed = true;
}
}
function equilibriumResidual() {
let maxA = 0;
for (let i = 1; i < N; i++) {
const ai = Math.abs(netForce(i) / m);
if (ai > maxA) maxA = ai;
}
return maxA;
}
let bitmapW = 0;
let bitmapH = 0;
function fit() {
const dpr = Math.min(window.devicePixelRatio || 1, 2);
const w = canvas.clientWidth;
const h = canvas.clientHeight;
if (w < 2 || h < 2) return false;
const bw = Math.round(w * dpr);
const bh = Math.round(h * dpr);
if (bw !== bitmapW || bh !== bitmapH) {
canvas.width = bw;
canvas.height = bh;
bitmapW = bw;
bitmapH = bh;
}
ctx.setTransform(dpr, 0, 0, dpr, 0, 0);
return true;
}
function yPx(ym, H) {
return (ym - VIEW_TOP) / (VIEW_BOTTOM - VIEW_TOP) * H;
}
const pieces = [];
function draw() {
if (!fit()) return;
const W = canvas.clientWidth;
const H = canvas.clientHeight;
ctx.clearRect(0, 0, W, H);
const bg = ctx.createRadialGradient(W * 0.5, H * 0.22, 20, W * 0.5, H * 0.38, H * 0.72);
bg.addColorStop(0, "#3c2e25");
bg.addColorStop(0.5, "#1a1411");
bg.addColorStop(1, "#0c0a09");
ctx.fillStyle = bg;
ctx.fillRect(0, 0, W, H);
ctx.fillStyle = "#3b2e24";
ctx.fillRect(0, 0, W, 26);
ctx.fillStyle = "#6b5340";
ctx.fillRect(0, 26, W, 6);
const cx = W * 0.5;
const R = Math.min(62, W * 0.1);
const hookEnd = yPx(held ? y[0] : Y_TOP, H);
ctx.strokeStyle = "#c4a574";
ctx.lineWidth = 3;
ctx.lineCap = "round";
ctx.beginPath();
ctx.moveTo(cx, 32);
ctx.lineTo(cx, hookEnd - 10);
ctx.stroke();
ctx.fillStyle = "#c4a574";
if (held) {
ctx.fillRect(cx - 16, hookEnd - 10, 32, 5);
ctx.fillRect(cx - 16, hookEnd - 10, 4, 14);
ctx.fillRect(cx + 12, hookEnd - 10, 4, 14);
} else {
ctx.save();
ctx.translate(cx, hookEnd - 8);
ctx.rotate(-0.5);
ctx.fillRect(-18, -2, 16, 4);
ctx.restore();
ctx.save();
ctx.translate(cx, hookEnd - 8);
ctx.rotate(0.5);
ctx.fillRect(2, -2, 16, 4);
ctx.restore();
}
const turns = 3;
const samples = 16;
pieces.length = 0;
for (let i = 0; i < N - 1; i++) {
const yA = y[i];
const yB = y[i + 1];
for (let j = 0; j < samples; j++) {
const t0 = j / samples;
const t1 = (j + 1) / samples;
const ang0 = (i + t0) * turns * Math.PI * 2;
const ang1 = (i + t1) * turns * Math.PI * 2;
pieces.push({
x0: cx + Math.sin(ang0) * R,
x1: cx + Math.sin(ang1) * R,
py0: yPx(yA + (yB - yA) * t0, H),
py1: yPx(yA + (yB - yA) * t1, H),
z: 0.5 * (Math.cos(ang0) + Math.cos(ang1))
});
}
}
pieces.sort(function (p, q) { return p.z - q.z; });
ctx.lineCap = "round";
for (let s = 0; s < pieces.length; s++) {
const seg = pieces[s];
const t = (seg.z + 1) * 0.5;
const r = t < 0.5 ? 62 + 88 * (t / 0.5) : 150 + 86 * ((t - 0.5) / 0.5);
const gc = t < 0.5 ? 34 + 50 * (t / 0.5) : 84 + 86 * ((t - 0.5) / 0.5);
const b = t < 0.5 ? 22 + 20 * (t / 0.5) : 42 + 62 * ((t - 0.5) / 0.5);
ctx.strokeStyle = "rgb(" + (r | 0) + "," + (gc | 0) + "," + (b | 0) + ")";
ctx.lineWidth = 1.15 + 2.3 * t;
ctx.beginPath();
ctx.moveTo(seg.x0, seg.py0);
ctx.lineTo(seg.x1, seg.py1);
ctx.stroke();
}
for (let i = 0; i < N; i++) {
const py = yPx(y[i], H);
ctx.beginPath();
ctx.arc(cx, py, 3.1, 0, Math.PI * 2);
ctx.fillStyle = "#1a120e";
ctx.fill();
ctx.beginPath();
ctx.arc(cx, py, 2.0, 0, Math.PI * 2);
ctx.fillStyle = "#ffe7c2";
ctx.fill();
}
let sum = 0;
for (let i = 0; i < N; i++) sum += y[i];
const cmy = yPx(sum / N, H);
ctx.strokeStyle = "#8fb4c4";
ctx.lineWidth = 1.5;
ctx.beginPath();
ctx.moveTo(cx + R + 16, cmy);
ctx.lineTo(cx + R + 36, cmy);
ctx.stroke();
ctx.fillStyle = "#8fb4c4";
ctx.font = "13px Palatino, Georgia, serif";
ctx.fillText("CM", cx + R + 40, cmy + 4);
const my = yPx(markerY, H);
ctx.strokeStyle = "#e23b2b";
ctx.lineWidth = 1.5;
ctx.beginPath();
ctx.moveTo(16, my);
ctx.lineTo(W - 16, my);
ctx.stroke();
ctx.fillStyle = "#e23b2b";
ctx.beginPath();
ctx.arc(16, my, 3.5, 0, Math.PI * 2);
ctx.fill();
ctx.beginPath();
ctx.arc(W - 16, my, 3.5, 0, Math.PI * 2);
ctx.fill();
ctx.font = "14px Palatino, Georgia, serif";
ctx.fillText("bottom at release", 26, my - 8);
if (failed) {
ctx.fillStyle = "#f3ead7";
ctx.font = "18px Palatino, Georgia, serif";
ctx.fillText("Integrator diverged. State was not clamped.", 20, H - 22);
}
}
function speedText() {
const s = parseFloat(speedEl.value);
if (s >= 0.995) return "1×";
if (s <= 0.052) return "1/20×";
return s.toFixed(2) + "×";
}
function updateReadout() {
const ms = Math.round(elapsed * 1000);
clockEl.firstChild.nodeValue = ms + " ms";
if (held) {
deltaEl.textContent = "equilibrium residual " + equilibriumResidual().toExponential(1) + " m/s²";
} else {
const dmm = (y[N - 1] - markerY) * 1000;
const sign = dmm >= 0 ? "+" : "";
deltaEl.textContent = "bottom " + sign + dmm.toFixed(2) + " mm (down +)";
}
}
releaseBtn.addEventListener("click", function () {
if (!held || failed) return;
markerY = y[N - 1];
held = false;
elapsed = 0;
accum = 0;
releaseBtn.disabled = true;
});
document.getElementById("reset").addEventListener("click", function () {
hang();
releaseBtn.disabled = false;
updateReadout();
});
speedEl.addEventListener("input", function () {
speedVal.textContent = speedText();
});
hang();
speedVal.textContent = speedText();
updateReadout();
let last = performance.now();
function frame(now) {
let wall = (now - last) / 1000;
last = now;
if (wall > 0.05) wall = 0.05;
if (!held && !failed) {
accum += wall * parseFloat(speedEl.value);
let n = 0;
while (accum >= dt && n < 4000 && !failed) {
step();
accum -= dt;
elapsed += dt;
n++;
}
if (n >= 4000) accum = 0;
}
draw();
updateReadout();
requestAnimationFrame(frame);
}
requestAnimationFrame(frame);
</script>
</body>
</html>
I have not run the file. I will not say the bottom stays on the line because the force law says it should — that is the prediction, and it is untested until you press Release.
What I can certify from the source is only the setup: the hang is the static stretch (top link about 61 mm, bottom link about 2.2 mm), the residual readout should be roundoff and not a tenth of a metre per second squared, and after Release there is no per-mass delay in the integrator. What I cannot certify is the observation you are about to make. I do not know the millisecond at which the bottom readout leaves +0.00 mm. I do not know whether masses pass through one another — Hooke's law allows it, and I added no contact force. If the bottom is still on the line at 200 ms and leaves near 320 ms, the prediction holds. If it leaves immediately, or the residual is large while it is still hanging, the model is wrong and the prediction fails. The millimetre readout is the result; this paragraph is not.