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You build physics demonstrations for a science museum. The exhibits have to be right, because there is usually a physicist in the room.
Build me the falling slinky.
A single HTML page. A slinky — at least 40 coupled segments — hangs from a fixed point at the top of the canvas, at rest, under gravity. Then it is released.
Controls:
data: URIs are fine.localStorage, sessionStorage, cookies or indexedDB — sandboxed frame, they throw.html block.Before the file, and before you write it. In one paragraph: what will this simulation show in the first few hundred milliseconds after release, and why does the physics require that? Be concrete about what each end of the slinky does and roughly when.
Commit to this. It is the claim I am going to test your simulation against.
Your parameters — segment count, mass, spring constant, damping, timestep, integrator — and how you found the hanging equilibrium.
The single fenced html block.
Now be honest. Having written it, does the simulation reproduce what you predicted?
Say plainly if it does not. Say if you are unsure. Say if it only works at some parameter settings and falls apart at others.
Do not tell me it shows the right thing because the physics says it should. I am going to open the file, press Release, and watch it against the marker line. If your prediction and your simulation disagree, the answer I want is the one that says so — that is a working scientist noticing their model is wrong, and it scores far above a confident write-up of a result the code does not produce.
Once the anchor is removed, the only external force on the slinky is gravity, so its centre of mass falls exactly as ½gt². The top coil starts moving at once. The spring below it is stretched by the weight of the other 39 coils, so the top's initial downward acceleration is about N·g ≈ 40 g, but the spring below stops it within a few milliseconds, and it has moved only about 2 cm. A compression wave then runs down the chain, collapsing each coil in turn just before the wave reaches it. The bottom coil does not move at all until that wave arrives. In a spring chain, a force change crosses one coil-to-coil gap in about 1/√(k/m) ≈ 7.07 ms, and there are 39 gaps between the top and the bottom, so the bottom should begin to move at about 39 × 7.07 ms ≈ 0.28 s (I commit to 0.28 s ± 0.03 s; contact between coils near the top may shift it slightly earlier). Until then the bottom coil should sit exactly on the marker line. At 0.28 s the centre of mass has fallen about 37 cm, and the bottom begins to drop, so the marker is passed from above only after that moment.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<title>Falling slinky</title>
<style>
body{margin:0;background:#101217;color:#dde;font:14px system-ui,sans-serif}
#wrap{display:flex;gap:18px;align-items:flex-start;padding:14px}
canvas{background:#1a1e26;border:1px solid #333;display:block}
#panel{min-width:250px;max-width:300px}
button{font:inherit;padding:7px 16px;margin-right:8px;background:#2a3140;color:#eee;border:1px solid #445;border-radius:4px;cursor:pointer}
button:disabled{opacity:.4;cursor:default}
#clock{font-size:30px;font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums;margin:14px 0 6px}
.small{color:#9aa;font-size:12px;line-height:1.45;margin-top:8px}
#diag{font-family:ui-monospace,monospace;font-size:12px;color:#8c8}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div id="wrap">
<canvas id="c" width="640" height="640"></canvas>
<div id="panel">
<div>
<button id="rel">Release</button><button id="rst">Reset</button>
</div>
<div style="margin-top:14px">
Speed <input id="spd" type="range" min="0.05" max="1" step="0.05" value="1" style="vertical-align:middle;width:140px">
<span id="spdv">1.00×</span>
</div>
<div id="clock">0 ms</div>
<div class="small">Clock: simulated milliseconds since release. Red dashed line: height of the bottom coil at the instant of release. It stays where it was put.</div>
<div class="small">Model: 40 equal masses, Hookean springs to neighbours and to a fixed anchor (removed on release), contact between neighbours closer than the wire thickness, light damping between neighbours. Semi-implicit Euler, dt = 0.1 ms.</div>
<div id="diag" class="small"></div>
</div>
</div>
<script>
(function () {
'use strict';
// ---- parameters -------------------------------------------------------
const N = 40; // segments (masses)
const M = 0.1; // kg per segment
const K = 2000; // N/m spring constant (neighbour springs and anchor spring)
const KC = 2000; // N/m contact stiffness, acts only when neighbours overlap wire
const WIRE = 0.006; // m, wire thickness: neighbours cannot pass through each other
const A0 = 0.02; // m, natural spacing
const CDAMP = 0.05; // N s/m, damping between neighbours (internal, conserves momentum)
const G = 9.81; // m/s^2
const DT = 1e-4; // s, integration step
// view
const ANCH_PX = 40; // pixel row of the anchor
const PXM = 220; // pixels per metre
const CX = 320; // horizontal centre of the slinky
// ---- state (y is height in metres, anchor at y = 0, coils below it) ---
const y = new Float64Array(N);
const v = new Float64Array(N);
const F = new Float64Array(N);
let anchored = true, released = false;
let nSteps = 0, acc = 0, markerY = null, y0cm = 0, speed = 1;
// ---- DOM --------------------------------------------------------------
const cv = document.getElementById('c');
const ctx = cv.getContext('2d');
const btnRel = document.getElementById('rel');
const btnRst = document.getElementById('rst');
const spd = document.getElementById('spd');
const spdv = document.getElementById('spdv');
const clockEl = document.getElementById('clock');
const diagEl = document.getElementById('diag');
// ---- equilibrium: closed form for a linear chain under gravity ---------
// Spring above coil i carries the weight of coils i..N-1, i.e. (N-i)*m*g.
function equilibrium() {
let yy = 0;
for (let i = 0; i < N; i++) {
yy -= A0 + (N - i) * M * G / K;
y[i] = yy;
}
}
function meanY() {
let s = 0;
for (let i = 0; i < N; i++) s += y[i];
return s / N;
}
// ---- forces -----------------------------------------------------------
function forces() {
for (let i = 0; i < N; i++) F[i] = -M * G;
if (anchored) {
const s = 0 - y[0]; // anchor at y = 0, coil 0 below it
F[0] += K * (s - A0); // stretched spring pulls coil 0 up
}
for (let i = 0; i < N - 1; i++) {
const s = y[i] - y[i + 1]; // separation of upper coil i and lower coil i+1
let tau = K * (s - A0); // Hooke's law (positive = stretched)
if (s < WIRE) tau -= KC * (WIRE - s); // wire contact: pushes apart when overlapping
tau += CDAMP * (v[i] - v[i + 1]); // damping on rate of change of separation
F[i] -= tau; // upper coil pulled down by tension
F[i + 1] += tau; // lower coil pulled up by tension
}
}
// ---- integrator: semi-implicit Euler ----------------------------------
function step() {
forces();
for (let i = 0; i < N; i++) v[i] += F[i] / M * DT;
for (let i = 0; i < N; i++) y[i] += v[i] * DT;
nSteps++;
}
// ---- controls ---------------------------------------------------------
function release() {
if (released) return;
released = true;
anchored = false; // the top is let go; nothing else changes
markerY = y[N - 1]; // bottom coil height at the instant of release
y0cm = meanY();
nSteps = 0;
acc = 0;
btnRel.disabled = true;
}
function reset() {
equilibrium();
v.fill(0);
anchored = true;
released = false;
markerY = null;
nSteps = 0;
acc = 0;
btnRel.disabled = false;
forces();
let r = 0;
for (let i = 0; i < N; i++) r = Math.max(r, Math.abs(F[i]));
diagEl.textContent = 'equilibrium residual: ' + (r / (M * G)).toExponential(1) + ' g';
}
btnRel.addEventListener('click', release);
btnRst.addEventListener('click', reset);
spd.addEventListener('input', () => {
speed = parseFloat(spd.value);
spdv.textContent = speed.toFixed(2) + '×';
});
// ---- drawing ----------------------------------------------------------
const py = (yy) => ANCH_PX - yy * PXM;
function draw() {
ctx.fillStyle = '#1a1e26';
ctx.fillRect(0, 0, cv.width, cv.height);
// marker line
if (markerY !== null) {
const ym = py(markerY);
ctx.setLineDash([8, 6]);
ctx.strokeStyle = '#e5484d';
ctx.lineWidth = 2;
ctx.beginPath();
ctx.moveTo(0, ym);
ctx.lineTo(cv.width, ym);
ctx.stroke();
ctx.setLineDash([]);
ctx.fillStyle = '#e5484d';
ctx.font = '12px system-ui';
ctx.fillText('height of bottom coil at release', 10, ym - 6);
}
// anchor and support
ctx.strokeStyle = anchored ? '#bbb' : '#555';
ctx.lineWidth = 4;
ctx.beginPath();
ctx.moveTo(CX - 60, ANCH_PX);
ctx.lineTo(CX + 60, ANCH_PX);
ctx.stroke();
ctx.lineWidth = 1.5;
if (anchored) {
ctx.beginPath();
ctx.moveTo(CX, ANCH_PX);
ctx.lineTo(CX, py(y[0]));
ctx.stroke();
}
// coil axis
ctx.strokeStyle = '#889';
ctx.beginPath();
for (let i = 0; i < N - 1; i++) {
ctx.moveTo(CX, py(y[i]));
ctx.lineTo(CX, py(y[i + 1]));
}
ctx.stroke();
// coils
for (let i = 0; i < N; i++) {
ctx.strokeStyle = `hsl(${200 + i * 3}, 70%, 65%)`;
ctx.beginPath();
ctx.ellipse(CX, py(y[i]), 24, 5, 0, 0, Math.PI * 2);
ctx.stroke();
}
}
// ---- readout ----------------------------------------------------------
function readout() {
const t = nSteps * DT;
clockEl.textContent = Math.round(t * 1000) + ' ms';
if (released) {
const bottomMinusMarker = (y[N - 1] - markerY) * 1000;
const cmError = (meanY() - y0cm + 0.5 * G * t * t) * 1000;
diagEl.textContent =
'bottom minus marker (mm, negative = below): ' + bottomMinusMarker.toFixed(1) + '\n' +
'centre of mass vs ½gt² (mm error): ' + cmError.toFixed(2);
}
}
// ---- main loop --------------------------------------------------------
let last = performance.now();
function frame(now) {
const dtReal = Math.min((now - last) / 1000, 0.05);
last = now;
if (released) {
acc += dtReal * speed; // simulated seconds to advance this frame
while (acc >= DT) {
step();
acc -= DT;
}
}
draw();
readout();
requestAnimationFrame(frame);
}
reset();
requestAnimationFrame(frame);
})();
</script>
</body>
</html>
I have not run this file in a browser, so I cannot tell you what it shows. I have checked the equilibrium algebra and the sign conventions by hand, and the integrator's stability bound. Everything below is what I expect and what you should check.
If the bottom moves before about 0.2 s, or the centre of mass departs from ½gt² by more than a few millimetres, the simulation disagrees with the prediction, and I would look for the cause in the code first.