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You build physics demonstrations for a science museum. The exhibits have to be right, because there is usually a physicist in the room.
Build me the falling slinky.
A single HTML page. A slinky — at least 40 coupled segments — hangs from a fixed point at the top of the canvas, at rest, under gravity. Then it is released.
Controls:
data: URIs are fine.localStorage, sessionStorage, cookies or indexedDB — sandboxed frame, they throw.html block.Before the file, and before you write it. In one paragraph: what will this simulation show in the first few hundred milliseconds after release, and why does the physics require that? Be concrete about what each end of the slinky does and roughly when.
Commit to this. It is the claim I am going to test your simulation against.
Your parameters — segment count, mass, spring constant, damping, timestep, integrator — and how you found the hanging equilibrium.
The single fenced html block.
Now be honest. Having written it, does the simulation reproduce what you predicted?
Say plainly if it does not. Say if you are unsure. Say if it only works at some parameter settings and falls apart at others.
Do not tell me it shows the right thing because the physics says it should. I am going to open the file, press Release, and watch it against the marker line. If your prediction and your simulation disagree, the answer I want is the one that says so — that is a working scientist noticing their model is wrong, and it scores far above a confident write-up of a result the code does not produce.
For roughly the first quarter-second, the bottom will appear to hover on the release-height marker while the top falls rapidly toward it. With the parameters below, the top should drop about 29 cm in the first 100 ms and about 58 cm by 200 ms; the bottom should move less than about a millimetre during that interval. The release removes the supporting force at the top, but the lower masses initially still have their weight balanced by spring tension. A change in that tension travels down the chain, rather than appearing everywhere at once. Its nominal transit time is about 300 ms, so the bottom should start moving conspicuously around 270–330 ms. This is a discrete, slightly damped chain: the transition will be rounded, not a mathematically sharp waiting period.
<!doctype html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1">
<title>The falling slinky — a spring–mass experiment</title>
<style>
:root {
color-scheme: dark;
font-family: system-ui, sans-serif;
background: #101722;
color: #edf3fa;
}
* { box-sizing: border-box; }
body { margin: 0; }
main { max-width: 1120px; margin: auto; padding: 22px; }
h1 { margin: 0 0 6px; font-size: clamp(25px,4vw,36px); }
.intro { color: #afbed1; margin: 0 0 20px; line-height: 1.5; }
.layout { display: grid; grid-template-columns: minmax(0,1fr) 300px; gap: 18px; }
.stage, aside { background: #172131; border: 1px solid #324057; border-radius: 14px; }
.stage { overflow: hidden; position: relative; }
canvas { display: block; width: 100%; height: 650px; }
aside { padding: 18px; }
.buttons { display: flex; gap: 10px; }
button {
border: 0; border-radius: 8px; padding: 12px 18px;
background: #67e1ce; color: #092b2b; font: inherit;
font-weight: 700; cursor: pointer;
}
button.secondary { background: #35455d; color: white; }
button:disabled { opacity: .45; cursor: default; }
button:focus-visible, input:focus-visible { outline: 3px solid #ffca77; outline-offset: 3px; }
label { display: block; margin-top: 22px; }
input { width: 100%; margin: 12px 0 0; accent-color: #67e1ce; }
.ends { display: flex; justify-content: space-between; color: #aabbcf; font-size: 12px; }
.clock { font: 700 36px ui-monospace, monospace; color: #67e1ce; margin-top: 22px; }
.caption { color: #aabbcf; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5; }
.readouts { border-top: 1px solid #35455d; margin-top: 18px; padding-top: 10px; }
.row { display: flex; justify-content: space-between; gap: 10px; margin: 9px 0; font-size: 14px; }
output, td { font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums; }
.key { color: #ffca77; }
h2 { font-size: 16px; margin: 22px 0 8px; }
table { width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 13px; }
th, td { text-align: right; padding: 6px 2px; border-bottom: 1px solid #2b3a50; }
th:first-child, td:first-child { text-align: left; }
th { color: #aabbcf; font-weight: 500; }
details { margin-top: 20px; color: #afbed1; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.55; }
summary { cursor: pointer; color: #edf3fa; }
.footer { color: #aabbcf; font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.5; }
#status { min-height: 2.8em; }
@media(max-width:760px) {
main { padding: 12px; }
.layout { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }
canvas { height: 570px; }
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<main>
<h1>The falling slinky</h1>
<p class="intro">Watch the bottom, not just the top. Does letting go immediately make every part fall?</p>
<div class="layout">
<section class="stage" aria-label="Slinky animation">
<canvas id="canvas" role="img"
aria-label="A vertical spring–mass chain, with a fixed reference line at its bottom's release height.">
</canvas>
</section>
<aside>
<div class="buttons">
<button id="release">Release</button>
<button id="reset" class="secondary">Reset</button>
</div>
<label for="speed">Playback speed: <output id="speedText">1.00×</output></label>
<input id="speed" type="range" min="0.05" max="1" step="0.01" value="1">
<div class="ends"><span>1/20 speed</span><span>Full speed</span></div>
<div class="clock"><output id="clock">0.0</output><span style="font-size:17px"> ms</span></div>
<div class="caption">Simulated time since release</div>
<div class="readouts">
<div class="row"><span>Top drop</span><output id="topDrop">0.00 cm</output></div>
<div class="row"><span>Bottom drop</span><output id="bottomDrop">0.000 mm</output></div>
<div class="row"><span>Initial length</span><span>1.4088 m</span></div>
</div>
<p class="caption key">Dashed amber line = bottom height at release. It does not follow the slinky.</p>
<p id="status" class="caption" aria-live="polite">Hanging in exact static equilibrium.</p>
<h2>Measurements from this run</h2>
<table>
<thead><tr><th>Time</th><th>Top ↓ cm</th><th>Bottom ↓ mm</th></tr></thead>
<tbody id="samples"></tbody>
</table>
<p class="caption">Measured from the integrated positions, not a prescribed trajectory. Negative means upward.</p>
<details>
<summary>Model and numerical details</summary>
<p>61 masses, each 1 g; 60 identical springs, each 40 N/m,
with a natural length of 16 mm. Gravity: 9.81 m/s².
Each spring has a parallel 0.002 N·s/m dashpot.</p>
<p>Fixed step: 1/12000 s. Velocity-first symplectic Euler.
Speed changes wall-clock playback only, never the timestep.</p>
<p>The top is supported only before release. After release there
are no supports, delays, collision rules, velocity clamps,
or special endpoint integration rules.</p>
<p>The drawing is a schematic of a one-dimensional chain:
the horizontal wiggle is decorative. Springs allow compression;
actual coil-to-coil contact is not modelled.</p>
<p id="residual"></p>
<p>The view is fixed. The chain eventually falls out of it;
integration continues. Reset to repeat. Playback pauses while
this browser tab is hidden.</p>
</details>
</aside>
</div>
<p class="footer">Try 0.10× playback. Look for the loss of stretch travelling downward while the bottom stays near the marker.</p>
</main>
<script>
"use strict";
(() => {
const N = 61, M = 0.001, K = 40, L0 = 0.016;
const G = 9.81, B = 0.002, H = 1 / 12000;
const y = new Float64Array(N);
const v = new Float64Array(N);
const force = new Float64Array(N);
const initial = new Float64Array(N);
initial[0] = 0;
for (let i = 0; i < N - 1; ++i) {
initial[i + 1] = initial[i] + L0 + (N - 1 - i) * M * G / K;
}
const $ = id => document.getElementById(id);
const canvas = $("canvas"), ctx = canvas.getContext("2d");
const releaseButton = $("release"), speedControl = $("speed");
const sampleTimes = [100, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400];
const sampleCells = [];
for (const ms of sampleTimes) {
const tr = document.createElement("tr");
const timeCell = document.createElement("td");
timeCell.textContent = ms + " ms";
const a = document.createElement("td"), b = document.createElement("td");
tr.append(timeCell, a, b);
$("samples").appendChild(tr);
sampleCells.push([a, b]);
}
let running = false, steps = 0, accumulator = 0;
let lastStamp = null, nextSample = 0, markerY = initial[N - 1];
let width = 0, height = 0;
// The same force law for every bond; equal and opposite internal forces.
function computeForces() {
force.fill(M * G);
for (let i = 0; i < N - 1; ++i) {
const tension = K * ((y[i + 1] - y[i]) - L0)
+ B * (v[i + 1] - v[i]);
force[i] += tension;
force[i + 1] -= tension;
}
}
// Called only after release. Every mass, including both ends, is updated.
function step() {
computeForces();
for (let i = 0; i < N; ++i) {
v[i] += H * force[i] / M;
y[i] += H * v[i];
}
++steps;
// Observation only: this never changes a force, position, or velocity.
if (nextSample < sampleTimes.length &&
steps >= Math.round(sampleTimes[nextSample] / (1000 * H))) {
const cells = sampleCells[nextSample];
cells[0].textContent = ((y[0] - initial[0]) * 100).toFixed(2);
cells[1].textContent = ((y[N - 1] - markerY) * 1000).toFixed(3);
++nextSample;
}
}
function reset() {
y.set(initial);
v.fill(0);
steps = 0;
accumulator = 0;
lastStamp = null;
running = false;
markerY = initial[N - 1];
nextSample = 0;
releaseButton.disabled = false;
for (const cells of sampleCells) {
cells[0].textContent = "—";
cells[1].textContent = "—";
}
// Test equilibrium of all unsupported masses, excluding the held top.
computeForces();
let residual = 0;
for (let i = 1; i < N; ++i) {
residual = Math.max(residual, Math.abs(force[i] / M));
}
$("residual").textContent =
"Initial maximum acceleration residual among the unsupported masses: "
+ residual.toExponential(2) + " m/s² (floating-point roundoff).";
updateReadouts();
}
releaseButton.addEventListener("click", () => {
if (running) return;
markerY = y[N - 1];
running = true;
accumulator = 0;
lastStamp = null;
releaseButton.disabled = true;
});
$("reset").addEventListener("click", reset);
speedControl.addEventListener("input", () => {
$("speedText").textContent = Number(speedControl.value).toFixed(2) + "×";
});
document.addEventListener("visibilitychange", () => {
lastStamp = null;
});
function resize() {
const r = canvas.getBoundingClientRect();
width = r.width;
height = r.height;
const dpr = window.devicePixelRatio || 1;
canvas.width = Math.round(width * dpr);
canvas.height = Math.round(height * dpr);
ctx.setTransform(dpr, 0, 0, dpr, 0, 0);
}
window.addEventListener("resize", resize);
function updateReadouts() {
$("clock").textContent = (steps * H * 1000).toFixed(1);
$("topDrop").textContent = ((y[0] - initial[0]) * 100).toFixed(2) + " cm";
$("bottomDrop").textContent =
((y[N - 1] - markerY) * 1000).toFixed(3) + " mm";
const lowestVisible = 2.5;
let allBelow = true;
for (let i = 0; i < N; ++i) {
if (y[i] <= lowestVisible) allBelow = false;
}
$("status").textContent = !running
? "Hanging in exact static equilibrium."
: allBelow
? "The chain has left the fixed view. Physics and clock continue; Reset to repeat."
: document.hidden
? "Playback paused while this tab is hidden."
: "Released: all 61 masses are freely integrated.";
}
function draw() {
ctx.clearRect(0, 0, width, height);
const x = width * 0.50;
const top = 65;
const scale = (height - top - 30) / 2.5;
const py = value => top + scale * value;
// A fixed ruler and fixed physical-to-pixel mapping: no tracking camera.
ctx.font = "12px system-ui";
ctx.textAlign = "left";
for (let metres = 0; metres <= 2.5; metres += 0.5) {
const yy = py(metres);
ctx.strokeStyle = "#253449";
ctx.lineWidth = 1;
ctx.beginPath();
ctx.moveTo(42, yy);
ctx.lineTo(width - 18, yy);
ctx.stroke();
ctx.fillStyle = "#8195af";
ctx.fillText(metres.toFixed(1) + " m", 7, yy + 4);
}
const markerPixel = py(markerY);
ctx.strokeStyle = "#ffca77";
ctx.lineWidth = 1.5;
ctx.setLineDash([7, 5]);
ctx.beginPath();
ctx.moveTo(44, markerPixel);
ctx.lineTo(width - 18, markerPixel);
ctx.stroke();
ctx.setLineDash([]);
ctx.fillStyle = "#ffca77";
ctx.textAlign = "right";
ctx.fillText(running ? "bottom at release" : "release-height reference",
width - 20, markerPixel - 9);
// The bracket stays put but does not exert a force after release.
ctx.strokeStyle = "#8092a9";
ctx.lineWidth = 4;
ctx.beginPath();
ctx.moveTo(x - 38, top - 22);
ctx.lineTo(x + 38, top - 22);
ctx.stroke();
if (!running) {
ctx.lineWidth = 2;
ctx.beginPath();
ctx.moveTo(x, top - 22);
ctx.lineTo(x, py(y[0]));
ctx.stroke();
} else {
ctx.fillStyle = "#91a5bd";
ctx.textAlign = "center";
ctx.fillText("support released", x, 24);
}
// One decorative coil per actual spring; vertical positions are physical.
ctx.strokeStyle = "#67e1ce";
ctx.lineWidth = 2;
ctx.beginPath();
for (let i = 0; i < N - 1; ++i) {
const a = py(y[i]), b = py(y[i + 1]), d = b - a;
ctx.moveTo(x, a);
ctx.bezierCurveTo(x + 35, a + d * 0.28,
x - 35, a + d * 0.72, x, b);
}
ctx.stroke();
ctx.fillStyle = "#d2fff6";
for (let i = 0; i < N; ++i) {
const yy = py(y[i]);
if (yy < -10 || yy > height + 10) continue;
ctx.beginPath();
ctx.arc(x, yy, 1.6, 0, Math.PI * 2);
ctx.fill();
}
// End highlights are visual labels only.
for (const [i, color] of [[0, "#edf3fa"], [N - 1, "#ffca77"]]) {
const yy = py(y[i]);
if (yy < -10 || yy > height + 10) continue;
ctx.fillStyle = color;
ctx.beginPath();
ctx.arc(x, yy, 4, 0, Math.PI * 2);
ctx.fill();
}
ctx.textAlign = "left";
ctx.fillStyle = "#aabbcf";
ctx.fillText("61 masses · 60 springs", 16, height - 12);
}
function frame(stamp) {
if (lastStamp !== null && running && !document.hidden) {
accumulator += (stamp - lastStamp) / 1000 * Number(speedControl.value);
}
lastStamp = document.hidden ? null : stamp;
if (running && !document.hidden) {
// Limit work per paint, not physics. Excess time remains in the
// accumulator; no timestep enlargement or velocity clamping.
let budget = 4800;
while (accumulator >= H && budget-- > 0) {
step();
accumulator -= H;
}
}
updateReadouts();
draw();
requestAnimationFrame(frame);
}
resize();
reset();
requestAnimationFrame(frame);
})();
</script>
</body>
</html>
I cannot execute a browser in this conversation, so I have not visually verified the prediction. The numerical timing and displacement estimates above are predictions, not reported measurements.
The file records actual integrated displacements at six times after release, so the claim is directly checkable against both the marker and the table. I expect the hovering-bottom interval and downward-moving contraction to appear, but I am unsure of the exact millimetre-level onset time without running it.
This is also deliberately not a contact model of a tightly packed slinky. Its first release transient is the intended demonstration; realistic coil collisions and subsequent pile-up are outside its scope.