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You build physics demonstrations for a science museum. The exhibits have to be right, because there is usually a physicist in the room.
Build me the falling slinky.
A single HTML page. A slinky — at least 40 coupled segments — hangs from a fixed point at the top of the canvas, at rest, under gravity. Then it is released.
Controls:
data: URIs are fine.localStorage, sessionStorage, cookies or indexedDB — sandboxed frame, they throw.html block.Before the file, and before you write it. In one paragraph: what will this simulation show in the first few hundred milliseconds after release, and why does the physics require that? Be concrete about what each end of the slinky does and roughly when.
Commit to this. It is the claim I am going to test your simulation against.
Your parameters — segment count, mass, spring constant, damping, timestep, integrator — and how you found the hanging equilibrium.
The single fenced html block.
Now be honest. Having written it, does the simulation reproduce what you predicted?
Say plainly if it does not. Say if you are unsure. Say if it only works at some parameter settings and falls apart at others.
Do not tell me it shows the right thing because the physics says it should. I am going to open the file, press Release, and watch it against the marker line. If your prediction and your simulation disagree, the answer I want is the one that says so — that is a working scientist noticing their model is wrong, and it scores far above a confident write-up of a result the code does not produce.
Press Release, and in the first few hundred milliseconds this happens, in a fixed order. The top end drops immediately, and much harder than gravity: the topmost mass was carrying the tension of the whole chain below it — segment 48 is stretched 33.6 mm and pulls down with 2.35 N, forty-eight times that mass's weight — so the instant it is free its acceleration is ≈ 49g ≈ 480 m/s². Within ~10 ms and about 2 cm of fall it is moving at ≈ 4 m/s, and the top coils collapse into a bunched cap. That cap descends at roughly constant speed ≈ √(2gL) ≈ 4.0 m/s — it does not accelerate like free fall — while the collapse front walks down the hanging profile at the chain's wave speed √(k/m) ≈ 118 coils/s, physically decelerating as it approaches the bottom (the coils there are nearly unstretched), so the collapse settles onto the bottom end rather than slamming it. By t ≈ 0.2 s the front is half-way down and the cap has swept past the equilibrium positions of the middle coils. The bottom end, meanwhile, does nothing at all. Its weight is exactly balanced by the tension of segment 1, and no influence travels faster than the wave speed, so that tension cannot change until the front arrives. I commit to this as the headline: the bottom-end readout holds at exactly 0.0 mm — the coil sits motionless on the red marker line — until t* = N√(m/k) = √(2L/g) ≈ 0.41 s, while the centre-of-mass row reads a clean 9.80 m/s² from the first instant and the COM has dropped ~20 cm by t = 0.2 s. One disclosure baked into the prediction: this model has no coil-contact force, so from ~0.25 s the bunched coils stream down past the still-holding lower coils and below the marker line — a real slinky's coils would pile up on top of the bottom end instead. The bottom end's stillness is unaffected. At t* ≈ 0.41 s the front reaches the last coil, the bottom leaves the marker, and the whole thing free-falls out of view by ~0.6 s.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
<title>The Falling Slinky</title>
<style>
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button{font-family:var(--mono);font-size:11.5px;letter-spacing:.16em;text-transform:uppercase;padding:11px 0;flex:1;cursor:pointer;border-radius:2px}
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.rv .u{color:var(--ink60);font-size:11px}
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</style>
</head>
<body>
<header>
<div>
<div class="over">Exhibit 07 · A chain of 48 springs under gravity</div>
<h1>The Falling Slinky</h1>
<div class="sub">Released from its true hanging equilibrium — watch the bottom end refuse to move.</div>
</div>
<div class="hdr-note">49 masses · 48 Hooke segments<br>symplectic Euler · Δt = 0.25 ms</div>
</header>
<main>
<section class="stage" id="stage">
<canvas id="cv"></canvas>
</section>
<aside class="rail">
<div class="sec">
<div class="lbl">Clock · time since release</div>
<div class="clock dim" id="clock">holding</div>
</div>
<div class="sec">
<div class="lbl">Control</div>
<div class="btns">
<button id="btnRel" type="button">Release</button>
<button id="btnRst" type="button">Reset</button>
</div>
<div class="spdrow">
<span class="lbl">Playback speed</span>
<span class="spdval" id="spdVal">×1.00</span>
</div>
<input id="spd" type="range" min="0" max="1000" step="1" value="1000" aria-label="Playback speed">
<div class="endticks"><span>1/20×</span><span>1×</span></div>
<p class="hint">The whole event lasts about half a second at full speed. Try ×0.1: the bottom end sits on the red line for ≈ 400 ms while the top collapses onto it.</p>
</div>
<div class="sec">
<div class="lbl">Instruments · measured from the state</div>
<div class="row"><span class="rl">Bottom end</span><span class="rv"><span id="rBot">0.0</span> <span class="u">mm</span> <span class="lamp" id="rBotS">holding</span></span></div>
<div class="row"><span class="rl">Lowest moving coil</span><span class="rv" id="rFront">— / 48</span></div>
<div class="row"><span class="rl">Top end · drop</span><span class="rv"><span id="rTop">0.0</span> <span class="u">cm</span></span></div>
<div class="row"><span class="rl">Centre of mass · drop</span><span class="rv"><span id="rCom">0.0</span> <span class="u">cm</span></span></div>
<div class="row"><span class="rl">Centre of mass · accel</span><span class="rv"><span id="rComA">—</span> <span class="u">m/s²</span></span></div>
</div>
<div class="sec model">
<div class="lbl">Model · for the physicist in the room</div>
<p><b>49 masses</b> of 5 g joined by <b>48 Hooke segments</b>, k = 70 N/m, rest length 0, plus a light internal dashpot (c = 12 mN·s/m) acting on relative velocity; g = 9.8 m/s². The hanging state is <b>solved, not relaxed</b>: segment j carries the weight of the j masses below it, so its stretch is j·m·g/k — top gaps ≈ 34 mm, bottom gaps ≈ 0.7 mm, the true slinky bunching. Integration: <b>symplectic Euler, fixed Δt = 0.25 ms</b>; fastest mode 2√(k/m) ≈ 237 rad/s, explicit stability needs Δt < 8.4 ms — a 33× margin, and there are no clamps or fudge factors anywhere. The speed control rescales simulated time, never Δt. There is <b>no coil-contact force</b>, so bunched coils can pass through one another — a real slinky's cannot. Before Release the mount holds the top mass; at Release it is removed, and from that instant <b>every mass integrates the same law</b> — nothing is pinned, frozen, delayed or scripted. The readouts are computed from the state, not from a schedule.</p>
</div>
</aside>
</main>
<footer>
<span>The bottom end hangs because segment 1 carries exactly its weight — until the release wave arrives</span>
<span>one file · no libraries · no network</span>
</footer>
<script>
(function(){
'use strict';
/* ---------------- model ---------------- */
const N = 48, M = N + 1;
const mMass = 0.005; // kg per mass
const kSpring = 70; // N/m per segment
const cDamp = 0.012; // N·s/m dashpot per segment (internal, relative velocity)
const gGrav = 9.8; // m/s^2
const DT = 0.00025; // s, fixed substep (w_max*DT ~ 0.06, stability limit 2)
/* True hanging equilibrium, solved exactly:
segment j (joining masses j-1 and j) carries the weight of the j masses
below it -> tension j*m*g -> stretch j*m*g/k -> y_j = j(j+1)/2 * m*g/k.
Bottom mass at y = 0. Net force on every mass is exactly zero. */
const yEq = new Float64Array(M);
for (let j = 0; j < M; j++) yEq[j] = 0.5 * (mMass * gGrav / kSpring) * j * (j + 1);
let comEq = 0;
for (let j = 0; j < M; j++) comEq += yEq[j];
comEq /= M;
const y = new Float64Array(M), v = new Float64Array(M), aArr = new Float64Array(M);
let released = false, simT = 0, acc = 0;
/* COM history for the measured acceleration (second difference, 8 ms baseline) */
const CDEL = 32, CHN = 128;
const comBuf = new Float64Array(CHN);
let comHead = 0, comN = 0;
function resetSim(){
y.set(yEq); v.fill(0);
released = false; simT = 0; acc = 0; comN = 0; comHead = 0;
btnRel.disabled = false; btnRel.textContent = 'Release';
clockEl.classList.add('dim'); clockEl.textContent = 'holding'; clkN = null;
}
function release(){
if (released) return;
released = true; simT = 0; acc = 0; comN = 0; comHead = 0;
btnRel.disabled = true; btnRel.textContent = 'Released';
clockEl.classList.remove('dim');
clockEl.innerHTML = 'T+<span id="clkN">0000.0</span><small> ms</small>';
clkN = document.getElementById('clkN');
}
function substep(){
for (let i = 0; i < M; i++) aArr[i] = -gGrav; // gravity on every mass
for (let j = 1; j < M; j++){ // segment j: masses j-1 (low), j (high)
const f = (kSpring * (y[j] - y[j-1]) + cDamp * (v[j] - v[j-1])) / mMass;
aArr[j] -= f; // pulls the upper mass down
aArr[j-1] += f; // pulls the lower mass up
}
for (let i = 0; i < M; i++) v[i] += aArr[i] * DT; // symplectic Euler
for (let i = 0; i < M; i++) y[i] += v[i] * DT;
simT += DT;
let s = 0;
for (let i = 0; i < M; i++) s += y[i];
comBuf[comHead] = s / M;
comHead = (comHead + 1) % CHN;
if (comN < CHN) comN++;
}
function advance(dtSim){
acc += dtSim;
let n = 0;
while (acc >= DT && n < 4000){ substep(); acc -= DT; n++; }
if (n >= 4000) acc = 0; // drop backlog rather than spiral (unreachable at shipped settings)
}
function comAccel(){
if (comN < 2 * CDEL + 1) return NaN;
const i0 = (comHead - 1 + CHN) % CHN;
const i1 = (comHead - 1 - CDEL + CHN) % CHN;
const i2 = (comHead - 1 - 2 * CDEL + CHN) % CHN;
const h = CDEL * DT;
return (comBuf[i0] - 2 * comBuf[i1] + comBuf[i2]) / (h * h);
}
/* ---------------- dom ---------------- */
const $ = id => document.getElementById(id);
const btnRel = $('btnRel'), btnRst = $('btnRst'), clockEl = $('clock'),
spd = $('spd'), spdVal = $('spdVal'),
rBot = $('rBot'), rBotS = $('rBotS'), rFront = $('rFront'),
rTop = $('rTop'), rCom = $('rCom'), rComA = $('rComA');
let clkN = null;
let speed = 1;
function spdMap(){
speed = 0.05 * Math.pow(20, +spd.value / 1000); // 1/20x ... 1x
spdVal.textContent = speed > 0.995 ? '×1.00' : '×' + speed.toFixed(2);
}
spd.addEventListener('input', spdMap); spdMap();
btnRel.addEventListener('click', release);
btnRst.addEventListener('click', resetSim);
window.addEventListener('keydown', e => {
if (e.code === 'Space'){ e.preventDefault(); if (!released) release(); }
else if (e.code === 'KeyR') resetSim();
});
/* ---------------- canvas ---------------- */
const cv = $('cv'), ctx = cv.getContext('2d'), stage = $('stage');
let W = 100, H = 100, dpr = 1;
function resize(){
const r = stage.getBoundingClientRect();
dpr = window.devicePixelRatio || 1;
W = Math.max(60, r.width); H = Math.max(60, r.height);
cv.width = Math.round(W * dpr); cv.height = Math.round(H * dpr);
}
if (window.ResizeObserver) new ResizeObserver(resize).observe(stage);
window.addEventListener('resize', resize);
resize();
const YTOP = 0.95, YBOT = -0.75; // world window, metres, y up, marker at 0
const TAU = Math.PI * 2;
const INK = a => 'rgba(38,34,27,' + a + ')';
const VERM = '#c13a1b';
const MONO = 'ui-monospace,"SF Mono",Menlo,Consolas,monospace';
const SERIF = 'Georgia,serif';
let S = 1, cx = 0, R = 10, ry = 3;
const py = wy => (YTOP - wy) * S;
/* one full helical turn per segment; near half bright, far half faint */
function drawSlinky(yy, fa, ba, flw, blw){
const SUB = 16;
ctx.lineCap = 'round'; ctx.lineJoin = 'round';
ctx.beginPath();
for (let j = 1; j < M; j++){
const yl = py(yy[j-1]), yu = py(yy[j]);
for (let s = 0; s <= SUB; s++){
const ph = Math.PI + Math.PI * s / SUB;
const x = cx + R * Math.cos(ph);
const yc = yl + (yu - yl) * ph / TAU + ry * Math.sin(ph);
s === 0 ? ctx.moveTo(x, yc) : ctx.lineTo(x, yc);
}
}
ctx.strokeStyle = INK(ba); ctx.lineWidth = blw; ctx.stroke();
ctx.beginPath();
for (let j = 1; j < M; j++){
const yl = py(yy[j-1]), yu = py(yy[j]);
for (let s = 0; s <= SUB; s++){
const ph = Math.PI * s / SUB;
const x = cx + R * Math.cos(ph);
const yc = yl + (yu - yl) * ph / TAU + ry * Math.sin(ph);
s === 0 ? ctx.moveTo(x, yc) : ctx.lineTo(x, yc);
}
}
ctx.strokeStyle = INK(fa); ctx.lineWidth = flw; ctx.stroke();
}
function draw(){
ctx.setTransform(dpr, 0, 0, dpr, 0, 0);
ctx.clearRect(0, 0, W, H);
S = H / (YTOP - YBOT);
R = 0.042 * S; ry = 0.32 * R;
cx = Math.min(Math.max(W * 0.55, 120), Math.max(120, W - 90));
/* faint axis */
ctx.strokeStyle = INK(0.07); ctx.lineWidth = 1;
ctx.beginPath(); ctx.moveTo(cx, py(0)); ctx.lineTo(cx, py(yEq[N])); ctx.stroke();
/* ruler in centimetres, zero on the marker */
const rx = 44;
ctx.strokeStyle = INK(0.35); ctx.lineWidth = 1;
ctx.beginPath(); ctx.moveTo(rx + .5, 4); ctx.lineTo(rx + .5, H - 4); ctx.stroke();
ctx.font = '9px ' + MONO; ctx.fillStyle = INK(0.5);
ctx.textAlign = 'left'; ctx.textBaseline = 'middle';
for (let c = -70; c <= 90; c += 5){
const yy = py(c / 100), major = c % 10 === 0;
ctx.beginPath(); ctx.moveTo(rx + .5, yy); ctx.lineTo(rx + (major ? 9 : 4.5), yy); ctx.stroke();
if (major) ctx.fillText(String(c), rx + 13, yy);
}
ctx.fillStyle = INK(0.42);
ctx.fillText('cm', rx + 13, 12);
/* ghost of the initial hanging profile */
drawSlinky(yEq, 0.10, 0.05, 1, 1);
ctx.font = 'italic 10.5px ' + SERIF; ctx.fillStyle = INK(0.4);
ctx.textBaseline = 'middle';
ctx.fillText('where it hung at rest', cx + R + 16, py(yEq[30]));
/* marker line: height of the bottom end at the instant of release */
const ym = py(0);
ctx.strokeStyle = VERM; ctx.lineWidth = 1.2; ctx.setLineDash([7, 5]);
ctx.beginPath(); ctx.moveTo(0, ym); ctx.lineTo(W, ym); ctx.stroke();
ctx.setLineDash([]);
ctx.font = '9px ' + MONO; ctx.fillStyle = VERM;
ctx.textAlign = 'right'; ctx.textBaseline = 'bottom';
ctx.fillText('B O T T O M A T R E L E A S E', W - 14, ym - 6);
/* ceiling mount */
const yA = yEq[N], bw = Math.max(64, R * 3.6);
const yT = py(yA + 0.05), yB = py(yA + 0.012);
ctx.save();
ctx.beginPath(); ctx.rect(cx - bw / 2, yT, bw, yB - yT); ctx.clip();
ctx.strokeStyle = INK(0.45); ctx.lineWidth = 1;
for (let x = cx - bw / 2 - 24; x < cx + bw / 2 + 24; x += 6){
ctx.beginPath(); ctx.moveTo(x, yB + 3); ctx.lineTo(x + (yB - yT) + 6, yT - 3); ctx.stroke();
}
ctx.restore();
ctx.strokeStyle = INK(0.85); ctx.lineWidth = 2;
ctx.beginPath(); ctx.moveTo(cx - bw / 2, yB); ctx.lineTo(cx + bw / 2, yB); ctx.stroke();
ctx.fillStyle = INK(0.9);
ctx.beginPath(); ctx.arc(cx, yB, 2.4, 0, TAU); ctx.fill();
/* the slinky */
drawSlinky(y, 0.88, 0.28, Math.max(1.8, S * 0.0042), Math.max(1, S * 0.002));
/* datum: the bottom end */
ctx.fillStyle = VERM;
ctx.beginPath(); ctx.arc(cx, py(y[0]), 2.6, 0, TAU); ctx.fill();
}
function updateReadouts(){
if (!released){
rBot.textContent = '0.0';
rBotS.textContent = 'holding'; rBotS.className = 'lamp';
rFront.textContent = '— / 48';
rTop.textContent = '0.0'; rCom.textContent = '0.0'; rComA.textContent = '—';
return;
}
if (clkN) clkN.textContent = (simT * 1000).toFixed(1).padStart(6, '0');
rBot.textContent = ((yEq[0] - y[0]) * 1000).toFixed(1);
const still = Math.abs(v[0]) < 0.002 && Math.abs(y[0] - yEq[0]) < 2e-4;
rBotS.textContent = still ? 'holding' : 'falling';
rBotS.className = 'lamp' + (still ? '' : ' fall');
let f = -1;
for (let i = 0; i < M; i++){
if (Math.abs(v[i]) > 0.002 || Math.abs(y[i] - yEq[i]) > 2e-4){ f = i; break; }
}
rFront.textContent = (f < 0 ? '—' : String(f)) + ' / 48';
rTop.textContent = ((yEq[N] - y[N]) * 100).toFixed(1);
let s = 0;
for (let i = 0; i < M; i++) s += y[i];
rCom.textContent = ((comEq - s / M) * 100).toFixed(1);
const ac = comAccel();
rComA.textContent = isNaN(ac) ? '—' : ac.toFixed(2);
}
let lastT = performance.now();
function frame(now){
let wall = (now - lastT) / 1000;
lastT = now;
if (wall > 0.1) wall = 0.1;
if (wall < 0) wall = 0;
if (released) advance(wall * speed);
draw();
updateReadouts();
requestAnimationFrame(frame);
}
resetSim();
requestAnimationFrame(frame);
})();
</script>
</body>
</html>
Plainly first: I cannot execute code in this setting, so I have not watched this file run. What I did instead was verify the model analytically — which is unusually strong here, because the model is exactly linear (forces are linear in separations and relative velocities, rest length 0), so its behaviour is a theorem, not a hope — and then transcribe that model directly into the code. My confidence is therefore conditional on my transcription being faithful, and I've built the instrument panel precisely so you can falsify me in five seconds.
What I am confident the file shows, and why: the bottom mass is driven only through segment 1, mass 1 only through segment 2, and so on; for this linear chain the response at a mass 48 links away from the release turns on at t ≈ N√(m/k) = 0.406 s (a Bessel-function turnover — exponentially small before, fast ramp after). So the bottom-end row should read a rock-solid 0.0 mm until ≈ 0.39–0.42 s, then depart rapidly. The COM row should read 9.80 flat from the first samples — under symplectic Euler the COM trajectory is exactly parabolic, so the second-difference readout is exact, and it doubles as a canary: if internal forces didn't cancel (a sign error, an explosion), it would leave 9.80 immediately. The top-end row should show the ≈ 49g start and the cap descending at roughly constant ~4 m/s.
Where I expect pixels to be rougher than my tidy prediction — said in advance: (1) the compressed cap will jitter: behind the front, adjacent coils ring in antiphase at ≈ 237 rad/s and the dashpot is deliberately weak (to keep the COM at exactly g), so the collapse looks chaotic rather than clean. That is real model physics, not instability — energy stays bounded and the COM row stays at 9.80. (2) From ~0.25 s the coils stream below the marker past the still-holding lower coils, because Hooke segments push as well as pull and there is no coil-contact constraint; a real slinky piles up on top of the bottom end instead. The levitation claim is unaffected, but the middle of the picture is where this model visibly differs from the table-top demo. (3) The bottom's departure is a ~40 ms ramp, so "0.0 until 0.41 s" may read as "0.0 until ~0.38 s, then quick".
Robustness: the speed slider cannot destabilize anything (it rescales simulated time, never Δt); at shipped settings the integrator has a 33× stability margin and there are no clamps to hide anything. If you edit k to ≳ 350 N/m without shortening Δt, it will eventually go unstable — visibly, and the COM row will betray it.
The falsification test: press Release at ×1. If the bottom-end row shows anything other than 0.0 mm before the clock reads ≈ 380 ms, or the COM row reads anything but 9.80 after release, my implementation is wrong and the prediction fails — I'd want to know that as much as you would.