Write Python 3.13 code. Answer with one ```python code block that defines the function described below. Use only the standard library. Do not include explanations, examples, tests, input() calls, or print() calls.
Write is_leap(year: int) -> bool to return whether year is a leap year in the Gregorian calendar.
def is_leap(year: int) -> bool:
return (year % 400 == 0) or (year % 4 == 0 and year % 100 != 0)
Write Python 3.13 code. Answer with one ```python code block that defines the function described below. Use only the standard library. Do not include explanations, examples, tests, input() calls, or print() calls.
Write is_leap(year: int) -> bool to return whether year is a leap year in the Gregorian calendar.
def is_leap(year: int) -> bool:
return year % 4 == 0 and (year % 100 != 0 or year % 400 == 0)
Write Python 3.13 code. Answer with one ```python code block that defines the function described below. Use only the standard library. Do not include explanations, examples, tests, input() calls, or print() calls.
Write is_leap(year: int) -> bool to return whether year is a leap year in the Gregorian calendar.
def is_leap(year: int) -> bool:
return year % 400 == 0 or (year % 4 == 0 and year % 100 != 0)
Write Python 3.13 code. Answer with one ```python code block that defines the function described below. Use only the standard library. Do not include explanations, examples, tests, input() calls, or print() calls.
Write rle(s: str) -> str to perform run-length encoding on s. Replace each run of consecutive identical characters with that character followed by the run length. rle("aaabcc") returns "a3b1c2" and rle("") returns "".
def rle(s: str) -> str:
if not s:
return ""
result = []
current_char = s[0]
count = 1
for char in s[1:]:
if char == current_char:
count += 1
else:
result.append(f"{current_char}{count}")
current_char = char
count = 1
result.append(f"{current_char}{count}")
return "".join(result)
Write Python 3.13 code. Answer with one ```python code block that defines the function described below. Use only the standard library. Do not include explanations, examples, tests, input() calls, or print() calls.
Write rle(s: str) -> str to perform run-length encoding on s. Replace each run of consecutive identical characters with that character followed by the run length. rle("aaabcc") returns "a3b1c2" and rle("") returns "".
def rle(s: str) -> str:
if not s:
return ""
result = []
prev = s[0]
count = 1
for char in s[1:]:
if char == prev:
count += 1
else:
result.append(f"{prev}{count}")
prev = char
count = 1
result.append(f"{prev}{count}")
return "".join(result)
Write Python 3.13 code. Answer with one ```python code block that defines the function described below. Use only the standard library. Do not include explanations, examples, tests, input() calls, or print() calls.
Write rle(s: str) -> str to perform run-length encoding on s. Replace each run of consecutive identical characters with that character followed by the run length. rle("aaabcc") returns "a3b1c2" and rle("") returns "".
def rle(s: str) -> str:
if not s:
return ""
result = []
current_char = s[0]
current_count = 1
for char in s[1:]:
if char == current_char:
current_count += 1
else:
result.append(f"{current_char}{current_count}")
current_char = char
current_count = 1
result.append(f"{current_char}{current_count}")
return "".join(result)
Write Python 3.13 code. Answer with one ```python code block that defines the function described below. Use only the standard library. Do not include explanations, examples, tests, input() calls, or print() calls.
Write chunks(items, n: int) -> list[list]. items is an iterable, which may be a generator. Return consecutive lists of n elements, where the last list may be shorter. Raise ValueError when n is less than 1.
import itertools
def chunks(items, n: int) -> list[list]:
if n < 1:
raise ValueError("n must be at least 1")
return [list(batch) for batch in itertools.batched(items, n)]
Write Python 3.13 code. Answer with one ```python code block that defines the function described below. Use only the standard library. Do not include explanations, examples, tests, input() calls, or print() calls.
Write chunks(items, n: int) -> list[list]. items is an iterable, which may be a generator. Return consecutive lists of n elements, where the last list may be shorter. Raise ValueError when n is less than 1.
import itertools
def chunks(items, n: int) -> list[list]:
if n < 1:
raise ValueError("n must be >= 1")
it = iter(items)
result = []
while True:
chunk = list(itertools.islice(it, n))
if not chunk:
break
result.append(chunk)
return result
Write Python 3.13 code. Answer with one ```python code block that defines the function described below. Use only the standard library. Do not include explanations, examples, tests, input() calls, or print() calls.
Write chunks(items, n: int) -> list[list]. items is an iterable, which may be a generator. Return consecutive lists of n elements, where the last list may be shorter. Raise ValueError when n is less than 1.
import itertools
def chunks(items, n: int) -> list[list]:
if n < 1:
raise ValueError("n must be greater than or equal to 1")
it = iter(items)
result = []
while True:
chunk = list(itertools.islice(it, n))
if not chunk:
break
result.append(chunk)
return result
Write Python 3.13 code. Answer with one ```python code block that defines the function described below. Use only the standard library. Do not include explanations, examples, tests, input() calls, or print() calls.
Write round_half_up(value: str, digits: int) -> str. The string value represents a decimal number. Round it to digits decimal places, rounding exact ties away from zero based on the exact value written in value. Return a string with exactly digits decimal places, and omit the decimal point when digits is 0. round_half_up("2.675", 2) returns "2.68".
Write Python 3.13 code. Answer with one ```python code block that defines the function described below. Use only the standard library. Do not include explanations, examples, tests, input() calls, or print() calls.
Write round_half_up(value: str, digits: int) -> str. The string value represents a decimal number. Round it to digits decimal places, rounding exact ties away from zero based on the exact value written in value. Return a string with exactly digits decimal places, and omit the decimal point when digits is 0. round_half_up("2.675", 2) returns "2.68".
Write Python 3.13 code. Answer with one ```python code block that defines the function described below. Use only the standard library. Do not include explanations, examples, tests, input() calls, or print() calls.
Write round_half_up(value: str, digits: int) -> str. The string value represents a decimal number. Round it to digits decimal places, rounding exact ties away from zero based on the exact value written in value. Return a string with exactly digits decimal places, and omit the decimal point when digits is 0. round_half_up("2.675", 2) returns "2.68".
Write Python 3.13 code. Answer with one ```python code block that defines the function described below. Use only the standard library. Do not include explanations, examples, tests, input() calls, or print() calls.
Write parse_kv(line: str) -> dict[str, str]. The string line contains key=value pairs separated by one or more spaces. A value may be enclosed in double quotes; if so, it may contain spaces and =, and the quotes are not included in the parsed value. A value may be empty, as in c=. If a key repeats, use the last value. Return {} for an empty line.
Write Python 3.13 code. Answer with one ```python code block that defines the function described below. Use only the standard library. Do not include explanations, examples, tests, input() calls, or print() calls.
Write parse_kv(line: str) -> dict[str, str]. The string line contains key=value pairs separated by one or more spaces. A value may be enclosed in double quotes; if so, it may contain spaces and =, and the quotes are not included in the parsed value. A value may be empty, as in c=. If a key repeats, use the last value. Return {} for an empty line.
Write Python 3.13 code. Answer with one ```python code block that defines the function described below. Use only the standard library. Do not include explanations, examples, tests, input() calls, or print() calls.
Write parse_kv(line: str) -> dict[str, str]. The string line contains key=value pairs separated by one or more spaces. A value may be enclosed in double quotes; if so, it may contain spaces and =, and the quotes are not included in the parsed value. A value may be empty, as in c=. If a key repeats, use the last value. Return {} for an empty line.
Write Python 3.13 code. Answer with one ```python code block that defines the function described below. Use only the standard library. Do not include explanations, examples, tests, input() calls, or print() calls.
Write merge_intervals(intervals: list[tuple[int, int]]) -> list[tuple[int, int]]. The input intervals may be in any order. Merge intervals that overlap or touch, so (1, 2) and (2, 3) become (1, 3). Return the merged intervals as tuples sorted by start, and leave the input list unchanged.
def merge_intervals(intervals: list[tuple[int, int]]) -> list[tuple[int, int]]:
if not intervals:
return []
sorted_intervals = sorted(intervals)
merged = []
current_start, current_end = sorted_intervals[0]
for start, end in sorted_intervals[1:]:
if start <= current_end:
current_end = max(current_end, end)
else:
merged.append((current_start, current_end))
current_start, current_end = start, end
merged.append((current_start, current_end))
return merged
Write Python 3.13 code. Answer with one ```python code block that defines the function described below. Use only the standard library. Do not include explanations, examples, tests, input() calls, or print() calls.
Write merge_intervals(intervals: list[tuple[int, int]]) -> list[tuple[int, int]]. The input intervals may be in any order. Merge intervals that overlap or touch, so (1, 2) and (2, 3) become (1, 3). Return the merged intervals as tuples sorted by start, and leave the input list unchanged.
def merge_intervals(intervals: list[tuple[int, int]]) -> list[tuple[int, int]]:
if not intervals:
return []
sorted_intervals = sorted(intervals, key=lambda x: x[0])
merged = []
current_start, current_end = sorted_intervals[0]
for start, end in sorted_intervals[1:]:
if start <= current_end:
current_end = max(current_end, end)
else:
merged.append((current_start, current_end))
current_start, current_end = start, end
merged.append((current_start, current_end))
return merged
Write Python 3.13 code. Answer with one ```python code block that defines the function described below. Use only the standard library. Do not include explanations, examples, tests, input() calls, or print() calls.
Write merge_intervals(intervals: list[tuple[int, int]]) -> list[tuple[int, int]]. The input intervals may be in any order. Merge intervals that overlap or touch, so (1, 2) and (2, 3) become (1, 3). Return the merged intervals as tuples sorted by start, and leave the input list unchanged.
def merge_intervals(intervals: list[tuple[int, int]]) -> list[tuple[int, int]]:
if not intervals:
return []
sorted_intervals = sorted(intervals, key=lambda i: i[0])
merged: list[tuple[int, int]] = []
current_start, current_end = sorted_intervals[0]
for start, end in sorted_intervals[1:]:
if start <= current_end:
current_end = max(current_end, end)
else:
merged.append((current_start, current_end))
current_start, current_end = start, end
merged.append((current_start, current_end))
return merged
Write Python 3.13 code. Answer with one ```python code block that defines the function described below. Use only the standard library. Do not include explanations, examples, tests, input() calls, or print() calls.
Write add_months(d: datetime.date, months: int) -> datetime.date to add months calendar months to d. months may be negative. If the day does not exist in the target month, use the last day of that month.
from datetime import date
import calendar
def add_months(d: date, months: int) -> date:
year = d.year
month = d.month + months
while month > 12:
month -= 12
year += 1
while month <= 0:
month += 12
year -= 1
try:
return date(year, month, d.day)
except ValueError:
_, last_day = calendar.monthrange(year, month)
return date(year, month, last_day)
Write Python 3.13 code. Answer with one ```python code block that defines the function described below. Use only the standard library. Do not include explanations, examples, tests, input() calls, or print() calls.
Write add_months(d: datetime.date, months: int) -> datetime.date to add months calendar months to d. months may be negative. If the day does not exist in the target month, use the last day of that month.
import datetime
from calendar import monthrange
def add_months(d: datetime.date, months: int) -> datetime.date:
year = d.year
month = d.month + months
while month <= 0:
month += 12
year -= 1
while month > 12:
month -= 12
year += 1
_, max_day = monthrange(year, month)
day = min(d.day, max_day)
return datetime.date(year, month, day)
Write Python 3.13 code. Answer with one ```python code block that defines the function described below. Use only the standard library. Do not include explanations, examples, tests, input() calls, or print() calls.
Write add_months(d: datetime.date, months: int) -> datetime.date to add months calendar months to d. months may be negative. If the day does not exist in the target month, use the last day of that month.
from datetime import date
import calendar
def add_months(d: date, months: int) -> date:
year, month, day = d.year, d.month, d.day
total_months = year * 12 + (month - 1) + months
new_year = total_months // 12
new_month = (total_months % 12) + 1
max_day = calendar.monthrange(new_year, new_month)[1]
return date(new_year, new_month, min(day, max_day))
Write Python 3.13 code. Answer with one ```python code block that defines the function described below. Use only the standard library. Do not include explanations, examples, tests, input() calls, or print() calls.
Write top_k_words(text: str, k: int) -> list[tuple[str, int]]. A word is a maximal sequence of ASCII letters and apostrophes. Words compare case-insensitively and are returned in lowercase. Return the k most frequent words as (word, count) tuples, sorted by highest count first, breaking ties alphabetically by word.
import re
from collections import Counter
def top_k_words(text: str, k: int) -> list[tuple[str, int]]:
matches = re.findall(r"[A-Za-z']+", text)
words = [w.lower() for w in matches]
counts = Counter(words)
return sorted(counts.items(), key=lambda item: (-item[1], item[0]))[:k]
Write Python 3.13 code. Answer with one ```python code block that defines the function described below. Use only the standard library. Do not include explanations, examples, tests, input() calls, or print() calls.
Write top_k_words(text: str, k: int) -> list[tuple[str, int]]. A word is a maximal sequence of ASCII letters and apostrophes. Words compare case-insensitively and are returned in lowercase. Return the k most frequent words as (word, count) tuples, sorted by highest count first, breaking ties alphabetically by word.
import re
from collections import Counter
def top_k_words(text: str, k: int) -> list[tuple[str, int]]:
words = re.findall(r"[A-Za-z']+", text)
words = [w.lower() for w in words]
counts = Counter(words)
return sorted(counts.items(), key=lambda item: (-item[1], item[0]))[:k]
Write Python 3.13 code. Answer with one ```python code block that defines the function described below. Use only the standard library. Do not include explanations, examples, tests, input() calls, or print() calls.
Write top_k_words(text: str, k: int) -> list[tuple[str, int]]. A word is a maximal sequence of ASCII letters and apostrophes. Words compare case-insensitively and are returned in lowercase. Return the k most frequent words as (word, count) tuples, sorted by highest count first, breaking ties alphabetically by word.
import re
from collections import Counter
def top_k_words(text: str, k: int) -> list[tuple[str, int]]:
words = re.findall(r"[A-Za-z']+", text, flags=re.ASCII)
counts = Counter(word.lower() for word in words)
items = list(counts.items())
items.sort(key=lambda item: (-item[1], item[0]))
return items[:k]
Write Python 3.13 code. Answer with one ```python code block that defines the function described below. Use only the standard library. Do not include explanations, examples, tests, input() calls, or print() calls.
Write flatten(obj: dict, sep: str = ".") -> dict. Flatten nested dicts and lists into a single level, joining keys with sep and using list indices as keys. Keep an empty dict or empty list as the value at its key. flatten({"a": {"b": 1}, "c": [{"d": 2}, 3], "e": {}}) returns {"a.b": 1, "c.0.d": 2, "c.1": 3, "e": {}}.
from typing import Any
def flatten(obj: dict, sep: str = ".") -> dict:
result = {}
def _helper(data: Any, prefix: str, current_sep: str):
nonlocal result
if isinstance(data, dict):
if not data:
result[prefix] = data
return
for k, v in data.items():
if prefix == "":
new_prefix = k
else:
new_prefix = f"{prefix}{current_sep}{k}"
if isinstance(v, dict) or isinstance(v, list):
_helper(v, new_prefix, current_sep)
else:
result[new_prefix] = v
elif isinstance(data, list):
if not data:
result[prefix] = data
return
for idx, item in enumerate(data):
if prefix == "":
new_prefix = str(idx)
else:
new_prefix = f"{prefix}{current_sep}{idx}"
if isinstance(item, dict) or isinstance(item, list):
_helper(item, new_prefix, current_sep)
else:
result[new_prefix] = item
else:
result[prefix] = data
_helper(obj, "", sep)
return result
Write Python 3.13 code. Answer with one ```python code block that defines the function described below. Use only the standard library. Do not include explanations, examples, tests, input() calls, or print() calls.
Write flatten(obj: dict, sep: str = ".") -> dict. Flatten nested dicts and lists into a single level, joining keys with sep and using list indices as keys. Keep an empty dict or empty list as the value at its key. flatten({"a": {"b": 1}, "c": [{"d": 2}, 3], "e": {}}) returns {"a.b": 1, "c.0.d": 2, "c.1": 3, "e": {}}.
Write Python 3.13 code. Answer with one ```python code block that defines the function described below. Use only the standard library. Do not include explanations, examples, tests, input() calls, or print() calls.
Write flatten(obj: dict, sep: str = ".") -> dict. Flatten nested dicts and lists into a single level, joining keys with sep and using list indices as keys. Keep an empty dict or empty list as the value at its key. flatten({"a": {"b": 1}, "c": [{"d": 2}, 3], "e": {}}) returns {"a.b": 1, "c.0.d": 2, "c.1": 3, "e": {}}.
Write Python 3.13 code. Answer with one ```python code block that defines the function described below. Use only the standard library. Do not include explanations, examples, tests, input() calls, or print() calls.
Write lru(maxsize: int), a decorator factory that caches a function's results by its positional arguments without using functools.lru_cache or functools.cache. It stores at most maxsize results. When the cache is full, evict the least recently used result. A cache hit counts as a use. The decorated function must preserve its original __name__.
Write Python 3.13 code. Answer with one ```python code block that defines the function described below. Use only the standard library. Do not include explanations, examples, tests, input() calls, or print() calls.
Write lru(maxsize: int), a decorator factory that caches a function's results by its positional arguments without using functools.lru_cache or functools.cache. It stores at most maxsize results. When the cache is full, evict the least recently used result. A cache hit counts as a use. The decorated function must preserve its original __name__.
import collections
def lru(maxsize: int):
if maxsize <= 0:
raise ValueError("maxsize must be greater than 0")
def decorator(func):
cache = collections.OrderedDict()
def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
key = args
if key in cache:
cache.move_to_end(key)
return cache[key]
else:
while len(cache) >= maxsize:
cache.popitem(last=False)
cache[key] = func(*args, **kwargs)
return cache[key]
wrapper.__name__ = func.__name__
return wrapper
return decorator
Write Python 3.13 code. Answer with one ```python code block that defines the function described below. Use only the standard library. Do not include explanations, examples, tests, input() calls, or print() calls.
Write lru(maxsize: int), a decorator factory that caches a function's results by its positional arguments without using functools.lru_cache or functools.cache. It stores at most maxsize results. When the cache is full, evict the least recently used result. A cache hit counts as a use. The decorated function must preserve its original __name__.
from collections import OrderedDict
from typing import Callable, Any
def lru(maxsize: int):
if maxsize <= 0:
return lambda f: f
def decorator(func: Callable):
cache: OrderedDict[tuple, Any] = OrderedDict()
def wrapper(*args: Any, **kwargs: Any):
# Cache key is derived from positional arguments only
key = args
if key in cache:
# Cache hit: mark as recently used
cache.move_to_end(key)
return cache[key]
else:
# Cache miss: compute and store
result = func(*args, **kwargs)
cache[key] = result
# Evict least recently used if cache exceeds maxsize
if len(cache) > maxsize:
cache.popitem(last=False)
return result
# Preserve original function metadata, especially __name__
wrapper.__name__ = func.__name__
wrapper.__doc__ = func.__doc__
wrapper.__module__ = func.__module__
wrapper.__qualname__ = func.__qualname__
wrapper.__wrapped__ = func
return wrapper
return decorator