Write Python 3.13 code. Answer with one ```python code block that defines the function described below. Use only the standard library. Do not include explanations, examples, tests, input() calls, or print() calls.
Write is_leap(year: int) -> bool to return whether year is a leap year in the Gregorian calendar.
def is_leap(year: int) -> bool:
return year % 400 == 0 or (year % 4 == 0 and year % 100 != 0)
Write Python 3.13 code. Answer with one ```python code block that defines the function described below. Use only the standard library. Do not include explanations, examples, tests, input() calls, or print() calls.
Write is_leap(year: int) -> bool to return whether year is a leap year in the Gregorian calendar.
def is_leap(year: int) -> bool:
return (year % 4 == 0 and year % 100 != 0) or (year % 400 == 0)
Write Python 3.13 code. Answer with one ```python code block that defines the function described below. Use only the standard library. Do not include explanations, examples, tests, input() calls, or print() calls.
Write is_leap(year: int) -> bool to return whether year is a leap year in the Gregorian calendar.
def is_leap(year: int) -> bool:
return year % 400 == 0 or (year % 4 == 0 and year % 100 != 0)
Write Python 3.13 code. Answer with one ```python code block that defines the function described below. Use only the standard library. Do not include explanations, examples, tests, input() calls, or print() calls.
Write rle(s: str) -> str to perform run-length encoding on s. Replace each run of consecutive identical characters with that character followed by the run length. rle("aaabcc") returns "a3b1c2" and rle("") returns "".
def rle(s: str) -> str:
if not s:
return ""
result = []
current = s[0]
count = 1
for ch in s[1:]:
if ch == current:
count += 1
else:
result.append(f"{current}{count}")
current = ch
count = 1
result.append(f"{current}{count}")
return "".join(result)
Write Python 3.13 code. Answer with one ```python code block that defines the function described below. Use only the standard library. Do not include explanations, examples, tests, input() calls, or print() calls.
Write rle(s: str) -> str to perform run-length encoding on s. Replace each run of consecutive identical characters with that character followed by the run length. rle("aaabcc") returns "a3b1c2" and rle("") returns "".
def rle(s: str) -> str:
if not s:
return ""
result = []
current = s[0]
count = 1
for ch in s[1:]:
if ch == current:
count += 1
else:
result.append(f"{current}{count}")
current = ch
count = 1
result.append(f"{current}{count}")
return "".join(result)
Write Python 3.13 code. Answer with one ```python code block that defines the function described below. Use only the standard library. Do not include explanations, examples, tests, input() calls, or print() calls.
Write rle(s: str) -> str to perform run-length encoding on s. Replace each run of consecutive identical characters with that character followed by the run length. rle("aaabcc") returns "a3b1c2" and rle("") returns "".
from itertools import groupby
def rle(s: str) -> str:
return "".join(f"{char}{len(list(run))}" for char, run in groupby(s))
Write Python 3.13 code. Answer with one ```python code block that defines the function described below. Use only the standard library. Do not include explanations, examples, tests, input() calls, or print() calls.
Write chunks(items, n: int) -> list[list]. items is an iterable, which may be a generator. Return consecutive lists of n elements, where the last list may be shorter. Raise ValueError when n is less than 1.
def chunks(items, n: int) -> list[list]:
if n < 1:
raise ValueError("n must be at least 1")
result: list[list] = []
current: list = []
for item in items:
current.append(item)
if len(current) == n:
result.append(current)
current = []
if current:
result.append(current)
return result
Write Python 3.13 code. Answer with one ```python code block that defines the function described below. Use only the standard library. Do not include explanations, examples, tests, input() calls, or print() calls.
Write chunks(items, n: int) -> list[list]. items is an iterable, which may be a generator. Return consecutive lists of n elements, where the last list may be shorter. Raise ValueError when n is less than 1.
def chunks(items, n: int) -> list[list]:
if n < 1:
raise ValueError("n must be at least 1")
result: list[list] = []
current: list = []
for item in items:
current.append(item)
if len(current) == n:
result.append(current)
current = []
if current:
result.append(current)
return result
Write Python 3.13 code. Answer with one ```python code block that defines the function described below. Use only the standard library. Do not include explanations, examples, tests, input() calls, or print() calls.
Write chunks(items, n: int) -> list[list]. items is an iterable, which may be a generator. Return consecutive lists of n elements, where the last list may be shorter. Raise ValueError when n is less than 1.
def chunks(items, n: int) -> list[list]:
if n < 1:
raise ValueError("n must be at least 1")
result: list[list] = []
current: list = []
for item in items:
current.append(item)
if len(current) == n:
result.append(current)
current = []
if current:
result.append(current)
return result
Write Python 3.13 code. Answer with one ```python code block that defines the function described below. Use only the standard library. Do not include explanations, examples, tests, input() calls, or print() calls.
Write round_half_up(value: str, digits: int) -> str. The string value represents a decimal number. Round it to digits decimal places, rounding exact ties away from zero based on the exact value written in value. Return a string with exactly digits decimal places, and omit the decimal point when digits is 0. round_half_up("2.675", 2) returns "2.68".
Write Python 3.13 code. Answer with one ```python code block that defines the function described below. Use only the standard library. Do not include explanations, examples, tests, input() calls, or print() calls.
Write round_half_up(value: str, digits: int) -> str. The string value represents a decimal number. Round it to digits decimal places, rounding exact ties away from zero based on the exact value written in value. Return a string with exactly digits decimal places, and omit the decimal point when digits is 0. round_half_up("2.675", 2) returns "2.68".
Write Python 3.13 code. Answer with one ```python code block that defines the function described below. Use only the standard library. Do not include explanations, examples, tests, input() calls, or print() calls.
Write round_half_up(value: str, digits: int) -> str. The string value represents a decimal number. Round it to digits decimal places, rounding exact ties away from zero based on the exact value written in value. Return a string with exactly digits decimal places, and omit the decimal point when digits is 0. round_half_up("2.675", 2) returns "2.68".
Write Python 3.13 code. Answer with one ```python code block that defines the function described below. Use only the standard library. Do not include explanations, examples, tests, input() calls, or print() calls.
Write parse_kv(line: str) -> dict[str, str]. The string line contains key=value pairs separated by one or more spaces. A value may be enclosed in double quotes; if so, it may contain spaces and =, and the quotes are not included in the parsed value. A value may be empty, as in c=. If a key repeats, use the last value. Return {} for an empty line.
def parse_kv(line: str) -> dict[str, str]:
parsed: dict[str, str] = {}
if not line.strip():
return parsed
i = 0
n = len(line)
while i < n:
while i < n and line[i].isspace():
i += 1
if i >= n:
break
key_start = i
while i < n and line[i] != "=" and not line[i].isspace():
i += 1
key = line[key_start:i]
if i < n and line[i] == "=":
i += 1
if i < n and line[i] == '"':
i += 1
value_start = i
while i < n and line[i] != '"':
i += 1
parsed[key] = line[value_start:i]
if i < n:
i += 1
else:
value_start = i
while i < n and not line[i].isspace():
i += 1
parsed[key] = line[value_start:i]
return parsed
Write Python 3.13 code. Answer with one ```python code block that defines the function described below. Use only the standard library. Do not include explanations, examples, tests, input() calls, or print() calls.
Write parse_kv(line: str) -> dict[str, str]. The string line contains key=value pairs separated by one or more spaces. A value may be enclosed in double quotes; if so, it may contain spaces and =, and the quotes are not included in the parsed value. A value may be empty, as in c=. If a key repeats, use the last value. Return {} for an empty line.
def parse_kv(line: str) -> dict[str, str]:
if not line.strip():
return {}
result: dict[str, str] = {}
i = 0
n = len(line)
while i < n:
while i < n and line[i].isspace():
i += 1
if i >= n:
break
key_start = i
while i < n and line[i] != "=" and not line[i].isspace():
i += 1
if i >= n or line[i] != "=":
continue
key = line[key_start:i]
i += 1
if i < n and line[i] == '"':
i += 1
value_start = i
while i < n and line[i] != '"':
i += 1
value = line[value_start:i]
if i < n:
i += 1
else:
value_start = i
while i < n and not line[i].isspace():
i += 1
value = line[value_start:i]
result[key] = value
return result
Write Python 3.13 code. Answer with one ```python code block that defines the function described below. Use only the standard library. Do not include explanations, examples, tests, input() calls, or print() calls.
Write parse_kv(line: str) -> dict[str, str]. The string line contains key=value pairs separated by one or more spaces. A value may be enclosed in double quotes; if so, it may contain spaces and =, and the quotes are not included in the parsed value. A value may be empty, as in c=. If a key repeats, use the last value. Return {} for an empty line.
def parse_kv(line: str) -> dict[str, str]:
result: dict[str, str] = {}
if not line.strip():
return result
i = 0
n = len(line)
while i < n:
while i < n and line[i].isspace():
i += 1
if i >= n:
break
key_start = i
while i < n and not line[i].isspace() and line[i] != '=':
i += 1
key = line[key_start:i]
if i >= n or line[i] != '=':
continue
i += 1
if i < n and line[i] == '"':
i += 1
value_start = i
while i < n and line[i] != '"':
i += 1
value = line[value_start:i]
if i < n:
i += 1
else:
value_start = i
while i < n and not line[i].isspace():
i += 1
value = line[value_start:i]
if key:
result[key] = value
return result
Write Python 3.13 code. Answer with one ```python code block that defines the function described below. Use only the standard library. Do not include explanations, examples, tests, input() calls, or print() calls.
Write merge_intervals(intervals: list[tuple[int, int]]) -> list[tuple[int, int]]. The input intervals may be in any order. Merge intervals that overlap or touch, so (1, 2) and (2, 3) become (1, 3). Return the merged intervals as tuples sorted by start, and leave the input list unchanged.
def merge_intervals(intervals: list[tuple[int, int]]) -> list[tuple[int, int]]:
if not intervals:
return []
sorted_intervals = sorted(intervals, key=lambda interval: (interval[0], interval[1]))
merged: list[tuple[int, int]] = [tuple(sorted_intervals[0])]
for start, end in sorted_intervals[1:]:
last_start, last_end = merged[-1]
if start <= last_end:
merged[-1] = (last_start, max(last_end, end))
else:
merged.append((start, end))
return merged
Write Python 3.13 code. Answer with one ```python code block that defines the function described below. Use only the standard library. Do not include explanations, examples, tests, input() calls, or print() calls.
Write merge_intervals(intervals: list[tuple[int, int]]) -> list[tuple[int, int]]. The input intervals may be in any order. Merge intervals that overlap or touch, so (1, 2) and (2, 3) become (1, 3). Return the merged intervals as tuples sorted by start, and leave the input list unchanged.
def merge_intervals(intervals: list[tuple[int, int]]) -> list[tuple[int, int]]:
if not intervals:
return []
sorted_intervals = sorted(intervals)
merged: list[tuple[int, int]] = [tuple(sorted_intervals[0])]
for start, end in sorted_intervals[1:]:
last_start, last_end = merged[-1]
if start <= last_end:
merged[-1] = (last_start, max(last_end, end))
else:
merged.append((start, end))
return merged
Write Python 3.13 code. Answer with one ```python code block that defines the function described below. Use only the standard library. Do not include explanations, examples, tests, input() calls, or print() calls.
Write merge_intervals(intervals: list[tuple[int, int]]) -> list[tuple[int, int]]. The input intervals may be in any order. Merge intervals that overlap or touch, so (1, 2) and (2, 3) become (1, 3). Return the merged intervals as tuples sorted by start, and leave the input list unchanged.
def merge_intervals(intervals: list[tuple[int, int]]) -> list[tuple[int, int]]:
if not intervals:
return []
merged: list[list[int]] = []
for start, end in sorted(intervals, key=lambda x: (x[0], x[1])):
if not merged or start > merged[-1][1]:
merged.append([start, end])
elif end > merged[-1][1]:
merged[-1][1] = end
return [(start, end) for start, end in merged]
Write Python 3.13 code. Answer with one ```python code block that defines the function described below. Use only the standard library. Do not include explanations, examples, tests, input() calls, or print() calls.
Write add_months(d: datetime.date, months: int) -> datetime.date to add months calendar months to d. months may be negative. If the day does not exist in the target month, use the last day of that month.
import calendar
import datetime
def add_months(d: datetime.date, months: int) -> datetime.date:
total = d.year * 12 + (d.month - 1) + months
year, month = divmod(total, 12)
month += 1
last_day = calendar.monthrange(year, month)[1]
return datetime.date(year, month, min(d.day, last_day))
Write Python 3.13 code. Answer with one ```python code block that defines the function described below. Use only the standard library. Do not include explanations, examples, tests, input() calls, or print() calls.
Write add_months(d: datetime.date, months: int) -> datetime.date to add months calendar months to d. months may be negative. If the day does not exist in the target month, use the last day of that month.
import calendar
import datetime
def add_months(d: datetime.date, months: int) -> datetime.date:
month_index = d.year * 12 + (d.month - 1) + months
year = month_index // 12
month = month_index % 12 + 1
last_day = calendar.monthrange(year, month)[1]
return datetime.date(year, month, min(d.day, last_day))
Write Python 3.13 code. Answer with one ```python code block that defines the function described below. Use only the standard library. Do not include explanations, examples, tests, input() calls, or print() calls.
Write add_months(d: datetime.date, months: int) -> datetime.date to add months calendar months to d. months may be negative. If the day does not exist in the target month, use the last day of that month.
import datetime
def add_months(d: datetime.date, months: int) -> datetime.date:
month_index = d.month - 1 + months
year = d.year + month_index // 12
month = month_index % 12 + 1
if month == 2:
last_day = 29 if (year % 4 == 0 and (year % 100 != 0 or year % 400 == 0)) else 28
elif month in (4, 6, 9, 11):
last_day = 30
else:
last_day = 31
return datetime.date(year, month, min(d.day, last_day))
Write Python 3.13 code. Answer with one ```python code block that defines the function described below. Use only the standard library. Do not include explanations, examples, tests, input() calls, or print() calls.
Write top_k_words(text: str, k: int) -> list[tuple[str, int]]. A word is a maximal sequence of ASCII letters and apostrophes. Words compare case-insensitively and are returned in lowercase. Return the k most frequent words as (word, count) tuples, sorted by highest count first, breaking ties alphabetically by word.
import re
from collections import Counter
def top_k_words(text: str, k: int) -> list[tuple[str, int]]:
if k <= 0:
return []
counts = Counter(word.lower() for word in re.findall(r"[A-Za-z']+", text))
return sorted(counts.items(), key=lambda item: (-item[1], item[0]))[:k]
Write Python 3.13 code. Answer with one ```python code block that defines the function described below. Use only the standard library. Do not include explanations, examples, tests, input() calls, or print() calls.
Write top_k_words(text: str, k: int) -> list[tuple[str, int]]. A word is a maximal sequence of ASCII letters and apostrophes. Words compare case-insensitively and are returned in lowercase. Return the k most frequent words as (word, count) tuples, sorted by highest count first, breaking ties alphabetically by word.
from collections import Counter
import re
_WORD_RE = re.compile(r"[A-Za-z']+")
def top_k_words(text: str, k: int) -> list[tuple[str, int]]:
if k <= 0:
return []
counts = Counter(word.lower() for word in _WORD_RE.findall(text))
return sorted(counts.items(), key=lambda item: (-item[1], item[0]))[:k]
Write Python 3.13 code. Answer with one ```python code block that defines the function described below. Use only the standard library. Do not include explanations, examples, tests, input() calls, or print() calls.
Write top_k_words(text: str, k: int) -> list[tuple[str, int]]. A word is a maximal sequence of ASCII letters and apostrophes. Words compare case-insensitively and are returned in lowercase. Return the k most frequent words as (word, count) tuples, sorted by highest count first, breaking ties alphabetically by word.
import re
from collections import Counter
def top_k_words(text: str, k: int) -> list[tuple[str, int]]:
if k <= 0:
return []
words = [word.lower() for word in re.findall(r"[A-Za-z']+", text)]
counts = Counter(words)
return sorted(counts.items(), key=lambda item: (-item[1], item[0]))[:k]
Write Python 3.13 code. Answer with one ```python code block that defines the function described below. Use only the standard library. Do not include explanations, examples, tests, input() calls, or print() calls.
Write flatten(obj: dict, sep: str = ".") -> dict. Flatten nested dicts and lists into a single level, joining keys with sep and using list indices as keys. Keep an empty dict or empty list as the value at its key. flatten({"a": {"b": 1}, "c": [{"d": 2}, 3], "e": {}}) returns {"a.b": 1, "c.0.d": 2, "c.1": 3, "e": {}}.
def flatten(obj: dict, sep: str = ".") -> dict:
result = {}
def add(key, value):
if isinstance(value, dict):
if value:
for k, v in value.items():
add(key + sep + str(k), v)
else:
result[key] = value
elif isinstance(value, list):
if value:
for i, v in enumerate(value):
add(key + sep + str(i), v)
else:
result[key] = value
else:
result[key] = value
for k, v in obj.items():
add(str(k), v)
return result
Write Python 3.13 code. Answer with one ```python code block that defines the function described below. Use only the standard library. Do not include explanations, examples, tests, input() calls, or print() calls.
Write flatten(obj: dict, sep: str = ".") -> dict. Flatten nested dicts and lists into a single level, joining keys with sep and using list indices as keys. Keep an empty dict or empty list as the value at its key. flatten({"a": {"b": 1}, "c": [{"d": 2}, 3], "e": {}}) returns {"a.b": 1, "c.0.d": 2, "c.1": 3, "e": {}}.
def flatten(obj: dict, sep: str = ".") -> dict:
result: dict = {}
stack = [(value, str(key)) for key, value in reversed(obj.items())]
while stack:
value, prefix = stack.pop()
if isinstance(value, dict):
if not value:
result[prefix] = value
else:
for key, item in reversed(value.items()):
stack.append((item, prefix + sep + str(key)))
elif isinstance(value, list):
if not value:
result[prefix] = value
else:
for index in range(len(value) - 1, -1, -1):
stack.append((value[index], prefix + sep + str(index)))
else:
result[prefix] = value
return result
Write Python 3.13 code. Answer with one ```python code block that defines the function described below. Use only the standard library. Do not include explanations, examples, tests, input() calls, or print() calls.
Write flatten(obj: dict, sep: str = ".") -> dict. Flatten nested dicts and lists into a single level, joining keys with sep and using list indices as keys. Keep an empty dict or empty list as the value at its key. flatten({"a": {"b": 1}, "c": [{"d": 2}, 3], "e": {}}) returns {"a.b": 1, "c.0.d": 2, "c.1": 3, "e": {}}.
def flatten(obj: dict, sep: str = ".") -> dict:
result = {}
stack = [(None, obj)]
while stack:
prefix, value = stack.pop()
if isinstance(value, (dict, list)) and value:
if isinstance(value, dict):
for key, item in reversed(list(value.items())):
key = str(key)
full_key = key if prefix is None else f"{prefix}{sep}{key}"
stack.append((full_key, item))
else:
for index in range(len(value) - 1, -1, -1):
item = value[index]
full_key = str(index) if prefix is None else f"{prefix}{sep}{index}"
stack.append((full_key, item))
elif prefix is not None:
result[prefix] = value
return result
Write Python 3.13 code. Answer with one ```python code block that defines the function described below. Use only the standard library. Do not include explanations, examples, tests, input() calls, or print() calls.
Write lru(maxsize: int), a decorator factory that caches a function's results by its positional arguments without using functools.lru_cache or functools.cache. It stores at most maxsize results. When the cache is full, evict the least recently used result. A cache hit counts as a use. The decorated function must preserve its original __name__.
from collections import OrderedDict
def lru(maxsize: int):
def decorator(func):
cache = OrderedDict()
def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
key = args
if key in cache:
cache.move_to_end(key)
return cache[key]
result = func(*args, **kwargs)
if maxsize is None or maxsize > 0:
cache[key] = result
if maxsize is not None and len(cache) > maxsize:
cache.popitem(last=False)
return result
wrapper.__name__ = func.__name__
return wrapper
return decorator
Write Python 3.13 code. Answer with one ```python code block that defines the function described below. Use only the standard library. Do not include explanations, examples, tests, input() calls, or print() calls.
Write lru(maxsize: int), a decorator factory that caches a function's results by its positional arguments without using functools.lru_cache or functools.cache. It stores at most maxsize results. When the cache is full, evict the least recently used result. A cache hit counts as a use. The decorated function must preserve its original __name__.
def lru(maxsize: int):
def decorator(func):
store = {}
def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
if maxsize <= 0:
return func(*args, **kwargs)
key = args
if key in store:
value = store.pop(key)
store[key] = value
return value
value = func(*args, **kwargs)
if len(store) >= maxsize:
store.pop(next(iter(store)))
store[key] = value
return value
wrapper.__name__ = getattr(func, "__name__", "lru")
wrapper.__doc__ = getattr(func, "__doc__", None)
wrapper.__wrapped__ = func
return wrapper
return decorator
Write Python 3.13 code. Answer with one ```python code block that defines the function described below. Use only the standard library. Do not include explanations, examples, tests, input() calls, or print() calls.
Write lru(maxsize: int), a decorator factory that caches a function's results by its positional arguments without using functools.lru_cache or functools.cache. It stores at most maxsize results. When the cache is full, evict the least recently used result. A cache hit counts as a use. The decorated function must preserve its original __name__.
from collections import OrderedDict
def lru(maxsize: int):
def decorator(func):
cache = OrderedDict()
def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
key = args
if maxsize is None or maxsize > 0:
if key in cache:
cache.move_to_end(key)
return cache[key]
value = func(*args, **kwargs)
if maxsize is not None and len(cache) >= maxsize:
cache.popitem(last=False)
cache[key] = value
return value
return func(*args, **kwargs)
wrapper.__name__ = func.__name__
wrapper.__doc__ = func.__doc__
wrapper.__wrapped__ = func
return wrapper
return decorator