Write Python 3.13 code. Answer with one ```python code block that defines the function described below. Use only the standard library. Do not include explanations, examples, tests, input() calls, or print() calls.
Write is_leap(year: int) -> bool to return whether year is a leap year in the Gregorian calendar.
def is_leap(year: int) -> bool:
"""Return True if `year` is a leap year in the Gregorian calendar."""
return year % 4 == 0 and (year % 100 != 0 or year % 400 == 0)
Write Python 3.13 code. Answer with one ```python code block that defines the function described below. Use only the standard library. Do not include explanations, examples, tests, input() calls, or print() calls.
Write is_leap(year: int) -> bool to return whether year is a leap year in the Gregorian calendar.
def is_leap(year: int) -> bool:
"""Return whether `year` is a leap year in the Gregorian calendar."""
return year % 4 == 0 and (year % 100 != 0 or year % 400 == 0)
Write Python 3.13 code. Answer with one ```python code block that defines the function described below. Use only the standard library. Do not include explanations, examples, tests, input() calls, or print() calls.
Write is_leap(year: int) -> bool to return whether year is a leap year in the Gregorian calendar.
def is_leap(year: int) -> bool:
return year % 4 == 0 and (year % 100 != 0 or year % 400 == 0)
Write Python 3.13 code. Answer with one ```python code block that defines the function described below. Use only the standard library. Do not include explanations, examples, tests, input() calls, or print() calls.
Write rle(s: str) -> str to perform run-length encoding on s. Replace each run of consecutive identical characters with that character followed by the run length. rle("aaabcc") returns "a3b1c2" and rle("") returns "".
def rle(s: str) -> str:
if not s:
return ""
parts = []
prev = s[0]
count = 1
for ch in s[1:]:
if ch == prev:
count += 1
else:
parts.append(f"{prev}{count}")
prev = ch
count = 1
parts.append(f"{prev}{count}")
return "".join(parts)
Write Python 3.13 code. Answer with one ```python code block that defines the function described below. Use only the standard library. Do not include explanations, examples, tests, input() calls, or print() calls.
Write rle(s: str) -> str to perform run-length encoding on s. Replace each run of consecutive identical characters with that character followed by the run length. rle("aaabcc") returns "a3b1c2" and rle("") returns "".
from itertools import groupby
def rle(s: str) -> str:
return "".join(f"{char}{len(list(group))}" for char, group in groupby(s))
Write Python 3.13 code. Answer with one ```python code block that defines the function described below. Use only the standard library. Do not include explanations, examples, tests, input() calls, or print() calls.
Write rle(s: str) -> str to perform run-length encoding on s. Replace each run of consecutive identical characters with that character followed by the run length. rle("aaabcc") returns "a3b1c2" and rle("") returns "".
from itertools import groupby
def rle(s: str) -> str:
return "".join(char + str(sum(1 for _ in group)) for char, group in groupby(s))
Write Python 3.13 code. Answer with one ```python code block that defines the function described below. Use only the standard library. Do not include explanations, examples, tests, input() calls, or print() calls.
Write chunks(items, n: int) -> list[list]. items is an iterable, which may be a generator. Return consecutive lists of n elements, where the last list may be shorter. Raise ValueError when n is less than 1.
def chunks(items, n: int) -> list[list]:
if n < 1:
raise ValueError("n must be at least 1")
result = []
chunk = []
for item in items:
chunk.append(item)
if len(chunk) == n:
result.append(chunk)
chunk = []
if chunk:
result.append(chunk)
return result
Write Python 3.13 code. Answer with one ```python code block that defines the function described below. Use only the standard library. Do not include explanations, examples, tests, input() calls, or print() calls.
Write chunks(items, n: int) -> list[list]. items is an iterable, which may be a generator. Return consecutive lists of n elements, where the last list may be shorter. Raise ValueError when n is less than 1.
from itertools import batched
def chunks(items, n: int) -> list[list]:
if n < 1:
raise ValueError("n must be at least 1")
return [list(batch) for batch in batched(items, n)]
Write Python 3.13 code. Answer with one ```python code block that defines the function described below. Use only the standard library. Do not include explanations, examples, tests, input() calls, or print() calls.
Write chunks(items, n: int) -> list[list]. items is an iterable, which may be a generator. Return consecutive lists of n elements, where the last list may be shorter. Raise ValueError when n is less than 1.
from itertools import batched
def chunks(items, n: int) -> list[list]:
if n < 1:
raise ValueError("n must be at least 1")
return [list(batch) for batch in batched(items, n)]
Write Python 3.13 code. Answer with one ```python code block that defines the function described below. Use only the standard library. Do not include explanations, examples, tests, input() calls, or print() calls.
Write round_half_up(value: str, digits: int) -> str. The string value represents a decimal number. Round it to digits decimal places, rounding exact ties away from zero based on the exact value written in value. Return a string with exactly digits decimal places, and omit the decimal point when digits is 0. round_half_up("2.675", 2) returns "2.68".
Write Python 3.13 code. Answer with one ```python code block that defines the function described below. Use only the standard library. Do not include explanations, examples, tests, input() calls, or print() calls.
Write round_half_up(value: str, digits: int) -> str. The string value represents a decimal number. Round it to digits decimal places, rounding exact ties away from zero based on the exact value written in value. Return a string with exactly digits decimal places, and omit the decimal point when digits is 0. round_half_up("2.675", 2) returns "2.68".
Write Python 3.13 code. Answer with one ```python code block that defines the function described below. Use only the standard library. Do not include explanations, examples, tests, input() calls, or print() calls.
Write round_half_up(value: str, digits: int) -> str. The string value represents a decimal number. Round it to digits decimal places, rounding exact ties away from zero based on the exact value written in value. Return a string with exactly digits decimal places, and omit the decimal point when digits is 0. round_half_up("2.675", 2) returns "2.68".
Write Python 3.13 code. Answer with one ```python code block that defines the function described below. Use only the standard library. Do not include explanations, examples, tests, input() calls, or print() calls.
Write parse_kv(line: str) -> dict[str, str]. The string line contains key=value pairs separated by one or more spaces. A value may be enclosed in double quotes; if so, it may contain spaces and =, and the quotes are not included in the parsed value. A value may be empty, as in c=. If a key repeats, use the last value. Return {} for an empty line.
def parse_kv(line: str) -> dict[str, str]:
result: dict[str, str] = {}
s = line.strip()
if not s:
return result
i = 0
n = len(s)
while i < n:
while i < n and s[i] == ' ':
i += 1
if i >= n:
break
start = i
while i < n and s[i] not in ' =':
i += 1
key = s[start:i]
value = ''
if i < n and s[i] == '=':
i += 1
if i < n and s[i] == '"':
i += 1
start = i
while i < n and s[i] != '"':
i += 1
value = s[start:i]
if i < n:
i += 1
else:
start = i
while i < n and s[i] != ' ':
i += 1
value = s[start:i]
if key:
result[key] = value
return result
Write Python 3.13 code. Answer with one ```python code block that defines the function described below. Use only the standard library. Do not include explanations, examples, tests, input() calls, or print() calls.
Write parse_kv(line: str) -> dict[str, str]. The string line contains key=value pairs separated by one or more spaces. A value may be enclosed in double quotes; if so, it may contain spaces and =, and the quotes are not included in the parsed value. A value may be empty, as in c=. If a key repeats, use the last value. Return {} for an empty line.
def parse_kv(line: str) -> dict[str, str]:
result: dict[str, str] = {}
i = 0
n = len(line)
while i < n:
while i < n and line[i] == ' ':
i += 1
if i >= n:
break
start = i
while i < n and line[i] != '=' and line[i] != ' ':
i += 1
key = line[start:i]
if i < n and line[i] == '=':
i += 1
if i < n and line[i] == '"':
i += 1
vstart = i
while i < n and line[i] != '"':
i += 1
if i < n:
result[key] = line[vstart:i]
i += 1
else:
result[key] = line[vstart:]
else:
vstart = i
while i < n and line[i] != ' ':
i += 1
result[key] = line[vstart:i]
return result
Write Python 3.13 code. Answer with one ```python code block that defines the function described below. Use only the standard library. Do not include explanations, examples, tests, input() calls, or print() calls.
Write parse_kv(line: str) -> dict[str, str]. The string line contains key=value pairs separated by one or more spaces. A value may be enclosed in double quotes; if so, it may contain spaces and =, and the quotes are not included in the parsed value. A value may be empty, as in c=. If a key repeats, use the last value. Return {} for an empty line.
def parse_kv(line: str) -> dict[str, str]:
result: dict[str, str] = {}
s = line.strip()
i = 0
n = len(s)
while i < n:
while i < n and s[i] == ' ':
i += 1
if i >= n:
break
start = i
while i < n and s[i] != '=' and s[i] != ' ':
i += 1
key = s[start:i]
has_eq = i < n and s[i] == '='
value = ''
if has_eq:
i += 1
if i < n and s[i] == '"':
i += 1
vstart = i
while i < n and s[i] != '"':
i += 1
value = s[vstart:i]
if i < n:
i += 1
else:
vstart = i
while i < n and s[i] != ' ':
i += 1
value = s[vstart:i]
if has_eq and key:
result[key] = value
return result
Write Python 3.13 code. Answer with one ```python code block that defines the function described below. Use only the standard library. Do not include explanations, examples, tests, input() calls, or print() calls.
Write merge_intervals(intervals: list[tuple[int, int]]) -> list[tuple[int, int]]. The input intervals may be in any order. Merge intervals that overlap or touch, so (1, 2) and (2, 3) become (1, 3). Return the merged intervals as tuples sorted by start, and leave the input list unchanged.
def merge_intervals(intervals: list[tuple[int, int]]) -> list[tuple[int, int]]:
if not intervals:
return []
sorted_intervals = sorted(intervals)
merged: list[tuple[int, int]] = []
current_start, current_end = sorted_intervals[0]
for start, end in sorted_intervals[1:]:
if start <= current_end:
if end > current_end:
current_end = end
else:
merged.append((current_start, current_end))
current_start, current_end = start, end
merged.append((current_start, current_end))
return merged
Write Python 3.13 code. Answer with one ```python code block that defines the function described below. Use only the standard library. Do not include explanations, examples, tests, input() calls, or print() calls.
Write merge_intervals(intervals: list[tuple[int, int]]) -> list[tuple[int, int]]. The input intervals may be in any order. Merge intervals that overlap or touch, so (1, 2) and (2, 3) become (1, 3). Return the merged intervals as tuples sorted by start, and leave the input list unchanged.
def merge_intervals(intervals: list[tuple[int, int]]) -> list[tuple[int, int]]:
if not intervals:
return []
sorted_intervals = sorted(intervals)
merged: list[tuple[int, int]] = [sorted_intervals[0]]
for start, end in sorted_intervals[1:]:
last_start, last_end = merged[-1]
if start <= last_end:
if end > last_end:
merged[-1] = (last_start, end)
else:
merged.append((start, end))
return merged
Write Python 3.13 code. Answer with one ```python code block that defines the function described below. Use only the standard library. Do not include explanations, examples, tests, input() calls, or print() calls.
Write merge_intervals(intervals: list[tuple[int, int]]) -> list[tuple[int, int]]. The input intervals may be in any order. Merge intervals that overlap or touch, so (1, 2) and (2, 3) become (1, 3). Return the merged intervals as tuples sorted by start, and leave the input list unchanged.
def merge_intervals(intervals: list[tuple[int, int]]) -> list[tuple[int, int]]:
if not intervals:
return []
sorted_intervals = sorted(intervals)
merged: list[tuple[int, int]] = [sorted_intervals[0]]
for start, end in sorted_intervals[1:]:
last_start, last_end = merged[-1]
if start <= last_end:
merged[-1] = (last_start, max(last_end, end))
else:
merged.append((start, end))
return merged
Write Python 3.13 code. Answer with one ```python code block that defines the function described below. Use only the standard library. Do not include explanations, examples, tests, input() calls, or print() calls.
Write add_months(d: datetime.date, months: int) -> datetime.date to add months calendar months to d. months may be negative. If the day does not exist in the target month, use the last day of that month.
import calendar
import datetime
def add_months(d: datetime.date, months: int) -> datetime.date:
month_index = d.month - 1 + months
year = d.year + month_index // 12
month = month_index % 12 + 1
day = min(d.day, calendar.monthrange(year, month)[1])
return d.replace(year=year, month=month, day=day)
Write Python 3.13 code. Answer with one ```python code block that defines the function described below. Use only the standard library. Do not include explanations, examples, tests, input() calls, or print() calls.
Write add_months(d: datetime.date, months: int) -> datetime.date to add months calendar months to d. months may be negative. If the day does not exist in the target month, use the last day of that month.
import calendar
import datetime
def add_months(d: datetime.date, months: int) -> datetime.date:
total = d.year * 12 + (d.month - 1) + months
year, month_index = divmod(total, 12)
month = month_index + 1
last_day = calendar.monthrange(year, month)[1]
return datetime.date(year, month, min(d.day, last_day))
Write Python 3.13 code. Answer with one ```python code block that defines the function described below. Use only the standard library. Do not include explanations, examples, tests, input() calls, or print() calls.
Write add_months(d: datetime.date, months: int) -> datetime.date to add months calendar months to d. months may be negative. If the day does not exist in the target month, use the last day of that month.
import calendar
import datetime
def add_months(d: datetime.date, months: int) -> datetime.date:
total = d.year * 12 + (d.month - 1) + months
year, month_index = divmod(total, 12)
month = month_index + 1
last_day = calendar.monthrange(year, month)[1]
return d.replace(year=year, month=month, day=min(d.day, last_day))
Write Python 3.13 code. Answer with one ```python code block that defines the function described below. Use only the standard library. Do not include explanations, examples, tests, input() calls, or print() calls.
Write top_k_words(text: str, k: int) -> list[tuple[str, int]]. A word is a maximal sequence of ASCII letters and apostrophes. Words compare case-insensitively and are returned in lowercase. Return the k most frequent words as (word, count) tuples, sorted by highest count first, breaking ties alphabetically by word.
import re
from collections import Counter
def top_k_words(text: str, k: int) -> list[tuple[str, int]]:
if k <= 0:
return []
counts = Counter(word.lower() for word in re.findall(r"[A-Za-z']+", text))
return sorted(counts.items(), key=lambda item: (-item[1], item[0]))[:k]
Write Python 3.13 code. Answer with one ```python code block that defines the function described below. Use only the standard library. Do not include explanations, examples, tests, input() calls, or print() calls.
Write top_k_words(text: str, k: int) -> list[tuple[str, int]]. A word is a maximal sequence of ASCII letters and apostrophes. Words compare case-insensitively and are returned in lowercase. Return the k most frequent words as (word, count) tuples, sorted by highest count first, breaking ties alphabetically by word.
import re
from collections import Counter
def top_k_words(text: str, k: int) -> list[tuple[str, int]]:
if k <= 0:
return []
counts = Counter(word.lower() for word in re.findall(r"[A-Za-z']+", text))
return sorted(counts.items(), key=lambda item: (-item[1], item[0]))[:k]
Write Python 3.13 code. Answer with one ```python code block that defines the function described below. Use only the standard library. Do not include explanations, examples, tests, input() calls, or print() calls.
Write top_k_words(text: str, k: int) -> list[tuple[str, int]]. A word is a maximal sequence of ASCII letters and apostrophes. Words compare case-insensitively and are returned in lowercase. Return the k most frequent words as (word, count) tuples, sorted by highest count first, breaking ties alphabetically by word.
import re
from collections import Counter
def top_k_words(text: str, k: int) -> list[tuple[str, int]]:
if k <= 0:
return []
counts = Counter(word.lower() for word in re.findall(r"[A-Za-z']+", text))
return sorted(counts.items(), key=lambda item: (-item[1], item[0]))[:k]
Write Python 3.13 code. Answer with one ```python code block that defines the function described below. Use only the standard library. Do not include explanations, examples, tests, input() calls, or print() calls.
Write flatten(obj: dict, sep: str = ".") -> dict. Flatten nested dicts and lists into a single level, joining keys with sep and using list indices as keys. Keep an empty dict or empty list as the value at its key. flatten({"a": {"b": 1}, "c": [{"d": 2}, 3], "e": {}}) returns {"a.b": 1, "c.0.d": 2, "c.1": 3, "e": {}}.
def flatten(obj: dict, sep: str = ".") -> dict:
result: dict = {}
def _flatten(prefix: str | None, value) -> None:
if isinstance(value, dict):
if not value:
if prefix is not None:
result[prefix] = {}
return
for k, v in value.items():
new_key = f"{prefix}{sep}{k}" if prefix is not None else str(k)
_flatten(new_key, v)
elif isinstance(value, list):
if not value:
if prefix is not None:
result[prefix] = []
return
for i, v in enumerate(value):
new_key = f"{prefix}{sep}{i}" if prefix is not None else str(i)
_flatten(new_key, v)
else:
result[prefix] = value
_flatten(None, obj)
return result
Write Python 3.13 code. Answer with one ```python code block that defines the function described below. Use only the standard library. Do not include explanations, examples, tests, input() calls, or print() calls.
Write flatten(obj: dict, sep: str = ".") -> dict. Flatten nested dicts and lists into a single level, joining keys with sep and using list indices as keys. Keep an empty dict or empty list as the value at its key. flatten({"a": {"b": 1}, "c": [{"d": 2}, 3], "e": {}}) returns {"a.b": 1, "c.0.d": 2, "c.1": 3, "e": {}}.
def flatten(obj: dict, sep: str = ".") -> dict:
result: dict = {}
def _flatten(value, prefix: str = "") -> None:
if isinstance(value, dict):
if not value:
if prefix:
result[prefix] = {}
return
for k, v in value.items():
_flatten(v, f"{prefix}{sep}{k}" if prefix else str(k))
elif isinstance(value, list):
if not value:
if prefix:
result[prefix] = []
return
for i, v in enumerate(value):
_flatten(v, f"{prefix}{sep}{i}" if prefix else str(i))
else:
result[prefix] = value
_flatten(obj)
return result
Write Python 3.13 code. Answer with one ```python code block that defines the function described below. Use only the standard library. Do not include explanations, examples, tests, input() calls, or print() calls.
Write flatten(obj: dict, sep: str = ".") -> dict. Flatten nested dicts and lists into a single level, joining keys with sep and using list indices as keys. Keep an empty dict or empty list as the value at its key. flatten({"a": {"b": 1}, "c": [{"d": 2}, 3], "e": {}}) returns {"a.b": 1, "c.0.d": 2, "c.1": 3, "e": {}}.
def flatten(obj: dict, sep: str = ".") -> dict:
result: dict = {}
def _walk(value, prefix: str) -> None:
if isinstance(value, dict):
if not value:
result[prefix] = {}
else:
for k, v in value.items():
_walk(v, f"{prefix}{sep}{k}" if prefix else str(k))
elif isinstance(value, list):
if not value:
result[prefix] = []
else:
for i, v in enumerate(value):
_walk(v, f"{prefix}{sep}{i}" if prefix else str(i))
else:
result[prefix] = value
if isinstance(obj, dict):
for k, v in obj.items():
_walk(v, str(k))
elif isinstance(obj, list):
for i, v in enumerate(obj):
_walk(v, str(i))
return result
Write Python 3.13 code. Answer with one ```python code block that defines the function described below. Use only the standard library. Do not include explanations, examples, tests, input() calls, or print() calls.
Write lru(maxsize: int), a decorator factory that caches a function's results by its positional arguments without using functools.lru_cache or functools.cache. It stores at most maxsize results. When the cache is full, evict the least recently used result. A cache hit counts as a use. The decorated function must preserve its original __name__.
from collections import OrderedDict
def lru(maxsize: int):
def decorator(func):
cache = OrderedDict()
def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
if kwargs:
key = args + (tuple(sorted(kwargs.items())),)
else:
key = args
if key in cache:
cache.move_to_end(key)
return cache[key]
result = func(*args, **kwargs)
if maxsize > 0:
cache[key] = result
if len(cache) > maxsize:
cache.popitem(last=False)
return result
def cache_clear():
cache.clear()
wrapper.__name__ = func.__name__
wrapper.__qualname__ = getattr(func, "__qualname__", func.__name__)
wrapper.__doc__ = func.__doc__
wrapper.__module__ = func.__module__
wrapper.__dict__.update(func.__dict__)
wrapper.__wrapped__ = func
wrapper.cache_clear = cache_clear
return wrapper
return decorator
Write Python 3.13 code. Answer with one ```python code block that defines the function described below. Use only the standard library. Do not include explanations, examples, tests, input() calls, or print() calls.
Write lru(maxsize: int), a decorator factory that caches a function's results by its positional arguments without using functools.lru_cache or functools.cache. It stores at most maxsize results. When the cache is full, evict the least recently used result. A cache hit counts as a use. The decorated function must preserve its original __name__.
from collections.abc import Callable
def lru[T](maxsize: int) -> Callable[[Callable[..., T]], Callable[..., T]]:
"""Decorator factory: cache a function's results keyed by its call
arguments, evicting the least recently used entry once maxsize is hit."""
def decorator(func: Callable[..., T]) -> Callable[..., T]:
cache: dict[tuple, T] = {}
def wrapper(*args: object, **kwargs: object) -> T:
if maxsize <= 0:
return func(*args, **kwargs)
key = args + tuple(sorted(kwargs.items()))
try:
result = cache.pop(key)
except KeyError:
result = func(*args, **kwargs)
cache[key] = result
if len(cache) > maxsize:
del cache[next(iter(cache))]
return result
wrapper.__module__ = func.__module__
wrapper.__name__ = func.__name__
wrapper.__qualname__ = func.__qualname__
wrapper.__doc__ = func.__doc__
wrapper.__annotations__ = func.__annotations__
wrapper.__type_params__ = func.__type_params__
wrapper.__dict__.update(func.__dict__)
wrapper.__wrapped__ = func
return wrapper
return decorator
Write Python 3.13 code. Answer with one ```python code block that defines the function described below. Use only the standard library. Do not include explanations, examples, tests, input() calls, or print() calls.
Write lru(maxsize: int), a decorator factory that caches a function's results by its positional arguments without using functools.lru_cache or functools.cache. It stores at most maxsize results. When the cache is full, evict the least recently used result. A cache hit counts as a use. The decorated function must preserve its original __name__.
from functools import wraps
def lru(maxsize: int):
def decorator(func):
cache = {}
@wraps(func)
def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
key = args
if key in cache:
result = cache.pop(key)
cache[key] = result
return result
result = func(*args, **kwargs)
if maxsize > 0:
if len(cache) >= maxsize:
del cache[next(iter(cache))]
cache[key] = result
return result
return wrapper
return decorator